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Learning and Memory (Long Term Potentiation (How does it occur? (Creation…

- - - - NMDA
      - AMPA
      - Kainate
        
        ionobotropic receptor
      - Metabotropic Receptors
  - - - It all starts with a baseline: delivers a single perforant path; measure response in dentate gyrus
        
        Then it goes to LTP induction: deliver high frequency stimulation (of moderate strength)
        
        Lastly, it goes to test: delivers a single impulse and measure response
    - - If it is enough glutamate that will activate the Mg to be pushed away from the NMDA receptor. Now, Ca- can enter
        
        Now the Ca- can attach to proteins and essentially make proteins (CREB and CaMKII) that create new AMPA receptors
- - - - Test declarative memory
      - When there was hippocampal damage, memory was impaired
  - - - Place cells
      - Spatial View cells
    - - Radial Arm Task
        
        The rats with damage would re-enter paths of the maze where they should have known there was no food there anymore because they already ate it
      - Morris Water Maze Task
        
        The rats with damage had a hard time finding the platform
  - - - Recalling recent memories activates hippocampus (episodic memories that have a lot of contextual details also activates hippocampus)
- - - - Viewing images in the mind
      - Ex. Remembering the layout of a bedroom
    - - Storage of verbal information
      - Ex. Remembering a phone number after someone said it to you
    - - Draws info from what you sense/stores info in long-term memory
  - - - Kind of like a passive learning
      - Ex. That exercise you did where you listened to the story and then had to fill in the words with missing letters and you usually ended up spelling words that were in the story
      - You often don't remember when you learned the thing
      - Types
        
        Priming
        
        Procedural
        
        Associative
        
        Connecting two things together but not knowing why they're connected
        
        Types
        
        Classical Conditioning
        
        Operant Condition
        
        Non-Associative
        
        Habitualization
        
        creating habits based off of stimulation in the environment
        
        Sensitization
        
        learning through repeated exposure to a particular stimulus
        
        Ex. dog initially likes riding in the car but after a couple of rides to the vet, it stops because it associates the car with bad vet experiences
    - - You can say the fact
      - You're consciously aware
      - Types
        
        Semantic
        
        ideas and concepts not drawn from personal experience
        
        Ex. names of colors, capitals of countries
        
        Semantic Dementia
        
        loss of semantic memory
        
        Ex. holding a closed umbrella over your head, bringing wife a lawnmower when she asked for a stepladder
        
        associative memory is still there
        
        occurs in anterior temporal cortex
        
        Episodic
        
        the collection of past personal experiences that occurred in specific settings
        
        Ex. your skiing vacation last winter, the first time you traveled by airplane
    - - They exist because there are different types of things that need to be remembered
- - - - part of temporal lobe was missing especially hippocampus
    - - some impaired LTP
      - weak (new) semantic memory for repeated facts
      - was not able to imagine a future because that requires you to remember past events to use as a basis
      - severely impaired episodic memory
    - - short-term memory
      - intelligence
      - implicit/procedural memory