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Research and data chapter (Private research (considerably shorter, and…

- - - - Example of CAF report
  - - - corporate giving goes up and down in line with general economic performance [studies]
      - other factors have been shown to be related to a company’s level of giving in financial analyses. These include spending on research and development, cash flow, profits, lagged profits (i.e. companies which make a high profit in a given financial year will tend to increase giving the next year [studies]
        
        Advice given to reader
      - bigger companies give higher amounts, and scholars have found a positive relationship between financial performance and corporate giving
      - industry and sector of the business is also important, according to some analyses. Companies in the oil, mining and minerals industries have been noted to give considerably more than those in other industries.
        
        may be because of the impact these industries make on the environment and local communities, which are often located overseas.
      - While corporate giving has been on the increase for a number of years, it has seen particularly high levels of growth since the early 1990s, which cannot be accounted for simply by economic growth.
        
        A factor that has likely added to this growth is the increasing social trend where businesses should be responsible for their wider social impact
        
        researchers agree that this recent trend can be explained by the rise in importance of corporate responsibility [studies]
        
        Cause of this growing pressure: stakeholder theory: where a business engaged in a not-for-profit enterprise responds to the interests and needs of a range of stakeholders, not just its employees or customers, but also beneficiaries and charity supporters
        
        a positive relationship between individual company giving and level of company activity in countries linked with poor human rights and civil liberties records
        
        [Would this mean that readers would be wise to target these sorts of companies that would benefit from a better image to present to these stakeholders?]
      - In line with this theoretical framework, researchers have also found a number of social changes that have influenced the nature and pattern of corporate giving.
        
        consumers have increasingly become aware of the negative impact of their consumption and ethical implications, arguing that ethical consumerism is an important factor behind the recent increase in corporate giving [study]
        
        globalisation of business has presented big consumer goods companies with the need to address the social, ethical, and/or environmental impact of their business. An example of this trend is the Fairtrade movement. Initially a small and niche scheme, companies such as Coca-Cola, Nestle, and Unilever now invest in Fairtrade resources, which are growing at a rate of 12% a year
      - the overriding majority of academic researchers analyse the internal mechanisms and financial framework of companies, rather than charities. At the same time, the bulk of academic research takes a predominantly theoretical, conceptual approach to this topic.
        
        This business-orientated view of corporate giving is important in understanding the inner workings and financial and managerial mechanisms of corporate charitable activity and, although often theoretical, can point you to markers which may suggest a company ripe for partnership. It can also help to offer you an overall strategic context for long-term planning for charities.
      - Suggestions for what would be useful to have in the research literature?
        
        longitudinal studies? [OR ARE THEY SAYING THESE ALREADY EXIST?]
        
        Broader analysis of giving by small to medium-sized organisations could also be a useful addition to the academic debate on corporate giving.
        
        The fundamental questions are unanswered. Substantial academic disagreement on what constitutes corporate giving, how it can be measured and compared.
        
        led to a heavy focus on financial support for charities at the expense of other forms of support such as provision of pro bono help, volunteering hours and gifts-in-kind.
- - - - Potential growth in corporate foundations as a vehicle for corporate giving may disrupt the classic direct relationship between corporation and charity and should be of interest to corporate fundraisers.
  - - - survey of corporate and charity employees involved in corporate partnership about 90% of corporate representatives answered that their aim is to enhance the company brand, reputation, and credibility.[[C&E, 2016]]
        
        the survey also shows high results for corporations seeking innovation and access to people and contacts, suggesting that you should not shy away from pointing out what your organisation can offer businesses in practical terms.
- - - - challenges of comparing financially between countries
        
        perhaps there are other ways in which we can learn from the experience of other countries rather than simply comparing finances – you may still find trends in income, reported drivers of action, satisfaction and innovation in corporate partnerships abroad to be helpful
        
        Sargeant reports that corporate giving made up 29% of all giving in Australia in 2005 compared to 7% in the US and just 3% in the UK – suggesting either a markedly more developed corporate giving market in Australia or simply a more diverse basket of fundraising methods elsewhere. The report also studies in depth the motivations of companies to engage in corporate philanthropy, as collated through a large scale and thorough quantitative and qualitative research exercise of Australian businesses.
        
        Giving New Zealand is a report published by Philanthropy New Zealand every four to five years which looks at total giving in New Zealand broken down by personal giving, trusts and businesses. The latest report from 2014 suggests that corporate giving makes up around 3% of giving in New Zealand, similar to previous estimates for the UK. Interestingly, unlike in the UK, New Zealand has seen a decline in income from corporate giving since 2011, although substantial amounts of this may be due to a 2011 peak following the Christchurch earthquake.
        
        Philanthropy Ireland published in 2014 a report entitled Corporate Giving in Ireland, which is the result of interviews with key decision makers on philanthropy within companies operating in Ireland. This paper suggests that there is little by way of strategy in corporate giving in Ireland, with most companies giving in a more ad hoc way without long-term planning and strategic goals in mind. For most domestic companies, the CEO played the major role in choosing which charities to support. In this respect, the UK market appears more mature in its embracing of long-term strategic partnerships than the Irish market.
        
        Several sources are available to those interested in the Canadian corporate fundraising environment, though many are now out of date compared to more recent publications. Imagine Canada has published a range of reports on the subject. Its report Insights for Strategic Corporate Fundraising from 2011 details findings from research with a very broad survey of Canadian businesses, combined with qualitative insight and analysis of financial data. The report contains large-scale granular detail on the propensity of different industries and sectors to donate in different amounts, different ways and for different reasons.[[Imagine Canada, Insights for Strategic Corporate Fundraising, 2010]] KCI also publishes its Philanthropic Trends Quarterly four times a year. The latest corporate giving issue is from 2011, and touches on the growing trend towards strategic partnerships in Canada.