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Evaluating Claims Paper (Peer reviewed articles (Baccino (2014) (Results…

- - - - 11/141 discarded surveys bc more than half incomplete -> 130 total
      - survey questions based of other studies
      - survey taken home (return by six weeks) intended for talking it out with spouse
    - - (In lesbian couples) 50% biological mom alone, 38% together, 13% co-mom alone. 100% want to tell
      - 61% intend to disclose child's origin, 17% not disclosing, 22% undecided
      - (in hetero) 65% mother completed alone, 33% jointly, 4% father alone. 48% want to tell, 18% no, 34% undecided
      - (single mothers) 89% want to tell
      - 95% feel the child is theirs
  - - - Significant difference in mothers age - surrogacy & egg donation older than natural & sperm donation
    - - Parents who disclosed reported no child distress @ age 4 (said they started before that)
      - @ age 7: disclose to child -> more psychological problems/difficulties
        
        surrogacy more difficulties > egg/sperm donations
        
        reasoning: absence of gestational connection w/ parents more problematic vs genetic connection
        
        predicted by high maternal stress @ child age 3
      - non-disclosing mothers report higher distress
  - - - harms parenting & child's psychological adjustment from secrecy or absence of genetic connection
        
        based off research from adoption -> children not given info about bio parents = more emotional, behavioral, and identity problems vs. children given info
        
        Surrogacy - undermines parents' relationship with child, esp when contact continues after child's birth. Not known how children will feel when they find out
    - - Disclosure
        
        1995 - 111 donor insemination families -> no families disclosed to their children by time child entered school
        
        follow up study (2009) no one told by age 18 either
        
        many research show families in 20th century did not disclose to children
        
        Reasoning: jeopardize positive relationship btwn child & non-genetic parent. Do not know how to tell child (donor was anon & cant answer child's q's)
        
        Millennium - 88% surrogate fams disclosed to 7 yo (age where most adopted children find out)
        
        Parents gave story-like descriptions, age-appropriate information
        
        (2005) young ppl with identifiable donors planned to request identity once reach 18. Only 10% feel he's important person in life.
        
        (2010) Most searching are curious about donor, want more complete sense of identity
        
        more often find donor siblings, parents more encouraging about donor sibs than donor
      - Parenting & Children's Adjustment
        
        Longitudinal study - children age 6, 12, 18 found no differences in emotional/behavioral problems
        
        Parenting was more positive in assisted reproduction vs natural @ age 6 -> not @ age 12
        
        **Almost all children in these studies unaware of bio origins
        
        In families that disclosed - more positive parenting & highly involved (reflecting parent's high lvl of commitment to parenting given difficulties experienced in quest for child
        
        less positive relationship in surrogacy fams (but within the normal range)
      - Same-sex parents
        
        1990's - children of lesbian moms -> no difference in gender devel, peer relations, psychological well-being, sexual orien. in childhood/adolescence than hetero fams
        
        more likely to tell children & at a younger age than hetero
        
        Gay fathers - children as well adjusted as others -> no significant diff identified
        
        Differences found -> more positive parenting
        
        **Lacking research is this field
- - - - Counterclaim: Afraid it will change bond with child or be rejected. (tradition)
    - - Intuition: personal anecdote - Gulbrandson (has a 7 month old) family used donor egg & talks about the struggles of wanting to keep it a secret.
        Feels incompetent, like she failed as a women. Decided to be open about it like the "grieving process" talk about it and it gets better.
      - Logic & Authority: Psychologist says they don't understand why they weren't told, why the info was kept from them. They're upset about the secret. Tell them the earlier the better
      - Empiricism: 1 in 100 babies are created thru some form of IVF -> more common = more acceptable
      - Logic: Gay & lesbian couples began openness about using donors -> more accepting for hetero couples too
  - - - Intuition: Personal anecdotes - Carol Einhorn with 3 yo son conceived from George Russell (gay w/ partner) shared her story in NYT and was criticized. She did not yet tell her son about his real relationship with the man
  - - - Empiricism: research article-- Golombok found children born fro surrogate mother may have more adjustment problems @ age 7 than those born from donated eggs/sperm
      - Logic: American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) number of births involving surrogate/donated sperm & egg increasing -> issue of telling children about birth is more significant
        
        Family psychologist & professor: might cause more problems when kids are older -> need more research
        Also says keeping secret is bad. Doctor asking about family history will be difficult, someone else telling them will hurt more
      - Intuition: Personal anecdote - Jill Wolfe always planned to tell children about surrogate. @ age 6 child (Eliana) told her friend about surrogate and it was fine
  - - - Logic & Authority Daniel Shapiro, Medical Director of Reproductive Biology Associates -- Parents who keep secret will be difficult when they get older. Some children are mature earlier -> can understand better, some need more time (teenager). No right answer