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Prejudice (Social Cognition (Ultimate Attribution bias (Pettigrew: private…

- - - - sig correlation w/ prejudice towards minorities
      - no negative scoring or counterbalancing
      - follow-up interviews: ppts did have traumatic/authoritarian childhoods but they were aware of hypothesis/ study aims
    - - high score associated with high prejudice
      - items e.g. "established authorities are usually right and radicals/ protestors are juts ignorant loud-mouths"
    - - 6 items: Likert scale agree --> disagree
      - capitalist societies made of structures containing winners and losers: high score on SDO = agree that this is right & society is/should be heirarchical
      - influencing factors: childhood, family, peers, personality, societal structure/pressure
- - - - Competition over a scarce resource causes competition and conflict
      - 3 experiments over 5 years
      - 12yr old white boys
      - observed violence, in-group preference, dominant (physically) leaders, 'us v them' mentality
      - Personality cannot adequately explain these effects!
      - pre-existing friendships diminished & relsps limited to in-group
      - Believed scarce resource was the key to this conflict & stereotyping of out-group e.g. 'they are doing the wrong thing, we would do the right thing'
    - - Blake & Mouton
        
        consistent over-estimation of in-group/ under-estimation of out-group
        
        similar results to summer camp but w/ adults: managers
      - Real world correlates
        
        West Midlands: South Asians top ethnic minority- prejudice toward a black man, no sense of brotherhood because they are both minorities, instead attitude of 'we need to protect our own'
        
        Using competition to increase in-group bonding e.g. paintballing!
      - Sherif boys spontaneously asked for competition b/w new group before they have even been defined as competiton/ out-group
      - Brown groups can just get on and context is important
  - - - Perceptions dramatically altered just by adding labels to lines! "A" or "B"
    - - arbitrary groups w/ little/no meaning e.g. what picture do you prefer? or even just creating groups by the flip of a coin
      - point allocation task: FINDING: give out-group smallest reward possible even if this reduces the amount of reward for the in-group
      - Ptts aimed to maximise group differences
      - 'In-group favouritism' here seen = max in-group reward and max group diff
      - There was no scarce resource so goes against Sherif/ Campbell
      - Doesn't help to understand hostility/punishments as is reward based
    - - Categorisation is inevitably meaningful & affects social perception
      - Social identity increases self-esteem & reduces uncertainty Hogg
      - Brown we desire positive distinctiveness & use stereotyping of others to achieve this
        
        prejudice/conflict occur when groups strive for distinctiveness/dominance in the same area
        
        therefore, harmony can be achieved when groups accept superiority in different areas
      - Gives the world a sense of predictability
      - Evolutionary benefits? Animals display social behaviour