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Ruminant Nutrition (Ruminant diet (Voluntary feed intake to be 3% of body…
Ruminant Nutrition
GIT structure + function
Rumen:anaerobic, absorption of VFAs + NH4 to maintain acidic pH
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High roughage diets increase transit time due to more salivation, but this decreases digestion
Reticulum:no absorption just fermentation (larger in smaller ruminants), controlled by vagus
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Abomasum:glandular, intrinsic motility, larger in small ruminants, weak contractions strengthen towards pylorus to expel contents
Small intestine
Ileum:absorbs remaining nutrients + vit B12, contains lymphoid tissue, iles-caecal valve prevents back flow
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Large intestine(shorter)
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Colon:water + NA absorption, bacteria here produce vit K + thiamine
Break down of products
Microbes (bacteria, protozoa, fungi) digest 70% of DM into...
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Protein
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Undegraded dietary proteins are not broken down by microbes in the rumen so pass to the abomasum + SI
Non protein nitrogen-microbial crude protein made from ammonia when more urea is returned to the rumen if protein levels are too low
This is why urea is added to the diet, too much=toxic levels
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Crude fibre=fibre content, Neutral detergent fibre=structural components that are slowly digested e.g. wall, Acid detergent fibre=least digestible part that is often excreted e.g. cellulose + lignin
Carbohydrate types
Potatoes/beet-rapidly fermented so rapidly increase levels of propionate, suppress acetate forming cellulose digesting bacteria
Bolases-rapid fermentation, similar bacteria to potatoes/beet
Straw/fibrous hay-slowly fermented, lots of acetate formed, this bacteria are sensitive to fats + high acidity
Ruminant diet
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Total mixed ration-forage + supplements added that minimise pH changes in the rumen to improve fibre breakdown
Gross energy->digestible energy=GE-undigestible food->metabolisable energy of feeds=DE-losses in urine + methane
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Neonates
Consume milk using gastric groove into abomasum, milk clots then is broken down in SI by lipase + pepsin
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