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Education - Social Policy (Tripartite System - 1944 (From 1944 meritocracy…
Education - Social Policy
Tripartite System - 1944
From 1944 meritocracy and role allocation began to influence education
The
1944 Education Act
brought in the
Tripartite System
, which is where children were assessed by the 11+ and then allocated into 1 of 3 secondary schools:
Grammar
Schools (if you passed - 20%)
Secondary Moderns
(if you failed - 75%)
Technical
Schools (if you failed - 5%)
Evaluation:
Strengths
Helps identify your talents & what job would be best for you
Everyone has same test - fair
Very strong support from middle class
Grammar schools still remain today
Evaluation:
Weaknesses
Marxists
- working class are left out & exploited through this system
Negative
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
3/4 children failed 11+
Pass mark for girls was higher due to fewer places
Comprehensive School System - 1965
Comprehensives
:
Single schools for everyone with with the same opportunities
Comprehensives were introduced in
1965
to overcome the class divide. It
abolished
the
11+
along with
Grammar and Secondary
schools, and by 1979
80%
of all secondary school students were in
comprehensives
.
Evaluation:
Strengths
Less Labelling
Equality of opportunities &
Meritocracy
No longer
traumatised by 11+
Functionalist
Support
Evaluation:
Weaknesses
Middle class dislike
Class division and bullying
within school
Mixed ability sets may hold some children back
Still labelled young girls
New Right:
- Lack of discipline, poor results and
no skills provision
Conservative Party Changes and Marketisation - 1979
The New Right
introduced
'New Vocationalism'
which aimed to reduce youth unemployment and increase skills e.g. apprenticeships and training schemes
The most influential policy was the
1988 Educational Reform Act
and the main principle behind the act was to introduce
Marketisation
.
Marketisation:
The application of business ideas to Education to raise Standards
. e.g. Ofsted, Open evenings
Formula Funding:
Schools compete for funding and to be successful
Parentocracy:
Parents being increasingly powerful in shaping the education system
Evaluation:
Over crowded
classrooms can effect achievement
Marxists
- working class lose out
Cohen
suggests students are taught to accept low paid, unskilled work through apprenticeships
Buswell
suggests it reinforces gender stereotypes
New Labour Changes - 1997
Policies influenced by the New Right:
Expansion of Vocational education (e.g. apprenticeships)
Marketisation of education
New Policies:
Aiming High
- raising achievements of Ethnic Minorities
Sure Start
- aimed to tackle cultural deprivation
EMA
- allowance given to low income students to attend higher education
Evaluation:
New Labour Policies
EMA was spent on alcohol/cigarettes not education resources
Middle class benefit most
Benn
- 'New Labour Paradox' - inconsistent policies
Class gap increased in higher education
Government Policies from 2010 Onward
2010 - Opened up
academy status
to all schools
2010 -
Scrapped EMA
2011 - Pupil premium introduced
2012 - Uni Tuition
fees
increased
2014 -
Free school meals
(1st 3 years for everyone)
2016 - university
grants cut
Evaluation:
Working class
children less likely to go to Uni due to
increased fees
Middle class benefit most
Some children might need EMA
Pupil Premium
not spent on those who need it
Globalisation and Government Policy
Globalisation has had many effects on the education system:
Decrease in
Racism
Widens ethnic achievement gap
Less Ethnocentric
curriculum
School abroad
Increase in
Job Opportunities
Ball
argues that the
privatisation of education
has been
influenced by globalisation
and this is how education becomes a
source of profit for capitalists
and is essentially how the system is increasingly made up of
private companies
E.g:
Cola-isation
- money made on campus e.g. vending machines
Private clubs
Advertising on site
However,
this means big businesses win and the
working class lose out
. Also, there is more focused placed on making money rather than education