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Problem Solving and Intelligence (Intelligence (Additional intelligence…
Problem Solving and Intelligence
General Problem Solving
Searching
Consider options in problem space
Huge number of possibilities
Need to narrow search
Heuristics
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Hill climbing strategy
Brute force - take path that appears to lead to goal
Means-end analysis
Make current state more like goal state
Images
Image solution to find answer
eg bookworm trick
Experience
Analogy
tumor/fortress problem
Only works if problem can be mapped onto another
Pay attention to underlying dynamic to speed solving
Expert problem solvers
Think about deep structure of problem
Set subgoals
Gain understanding of high-order parts of problem
Defining the problem
Ill defined problems
No clear steps to goal
Have fun on vacation example
Functional Fixedness
Rigidity in thinking of objects function
Can hide problem solving options
Match box candle problem
Einstellung (Attitude)
Locked into one solution, ignore alternatives even if efficient
Thinking outside the box
Need to abandon initial approach
Abandoning set hard, mostly good b/c limits search
Creativity
Case studies of individuals
Experts in field
Take risks, ignore criticism, tolerate failures, step apart from crowd
Enjoy their work
Right place right time for work
Wallas and Illumination
Preparation
Incubation
At best unreliable
Illumination
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Verification
Not really seen, more a series of mini-insights
Warmth/closeness also not good judge
Can have right or wrong answer
"aha!" moment more a new approach discovery, not solution discovery
May just be same for all
Same mechanism of memory search
People with all special ingredients creative
Need memory search, take risks, live in good culture
Intelligence
Tests
Must be reliable and valid
IQ shows reliability and predictive validity
General vs specialized
General used for most intellectual tasks
Hierarchical model, G at top, specialized down
Specialized varies, but all have general
Fluid and Crystallized
Fluid - novel problems
Crystallized - acquired knowledge
Fluid decreases over age
Building Blocks
Inspection time somewhat correlated with IQ
Working Memory Capacity
Additional intelligence
Practical - day to day skills/knowledge
Rationality - capacity for assessing info
Emotional - understand one's and other's emotions
Multiple theory - 8 types of intell., support from Savant syndrome
Root of Intelligence
Genetic similarity correlates with similar intell.
Environment
Poverty impedes intell.
Improving env. increases intell.
Global intell. rising today
Genetic factors matter more in healthy environment
Stereotype threat
Expectations affect results