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Grammar (A. Tenses (V. Past Simple (Question:
Yes/No
Wh +…
Grammar
A. Tenses
1. Remember:
- {present/past/perfect} + {simple/continuous/perfect/perfect continuous) = 12
- Formulars
a. Simple: [S + Vs/es; S + Ved; S + will + V]
b. Perfect: to have + PII (divide "to have")
[S + has/bave + PII; S + had + PII; S + will + have + PII]
c. Continuous: to be + V_ing(V_ing fix)
- [S + is/am/are + V_ing; S + was/were + V_ing; S + will be + V_ing]
- [S + has/have + been + V_ing; S + had + been + V_ing; S + will have been + V_ing]
I. Present Simple
- To be: (as a main verb)
S + {is|am|are} + {Pronouns|Adjectives|Noun|(preposition + Noun)]
- Structure with "to be"
- This is/That is/It is
- There
- There is + [some/a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a little(=some; (+))/little(-)
- There is + [a/an] + singular count noun
- There are + [some/several/lots of/many/a lot of/plenty of/a few/few] + plural count noun
-
-
(?) (Yes/No)
~ Do {I/we/you/they} + S + V (up)
~ Does {He/she/it} + ...
(?) (Wh..)
a. for the subject (withOUT auxiliaries)
Who/What + V_s/es?
b. for other case (WITH auxiliaries)
Wh + do/does + S + V ...? (down)
(?) (alternative question)
(1) or: Do you work or study? I work.
(2) which: (person and thing): which book do you need.
(?) Tag Questions
(1) S + V_s/es, don't/doesn't + S?
(2) S + don't/doesn't + V, do/does + S ?
(3) S + never/hardly(ever)/seldom/scarcely/rarely + V-s/es, do/does + S?
- Notes:
Rising tone: ask for information
Falling tone: ask for argreement
Use:
- To express a general truth
- To express daily routines or habits
Adverbs
c1. Always/Usually/Often/Frequently/Sometime/Ocassinally
Hardly/rarely/seldom/scarely/never
- position: - after: "to be" or "auxiliaries; - before ordinary verb
c2. Everyday/month/week/year/twice a day/month... three times a day/month/ four times a day
- position: at the end of the sentences
II. Present Continuous
- formular: S + is/am/are + V_ing
- Use:
a. To express an action happening at/around the moment of speaking.
a1. adverb: - at the moment/at present/currently/now + at the moment of speaking
- no adverbs
- this year/week
b. To express fixed future arrangement
b2: adverbs: future time
c. To express a trend at the present
III. Present Simple vs Present Continuos
a. permanent VS temporary
b. extract time: timetable VS force future time
our class start at 8.30AM VS I'm having lunch with Mr.Smit important partner at 11.30AM.
c. always: frequency(100%) VS complaint
NOT V-ing (39)
- Verb of Thinking (12)
(1) Think
(2) Believe
(3) Suppose
(4) See (= understand)
(5) understand
(6) know
(7) recognize
(8) realize
(9) forget
(10) remember
(11) imagine
(12) mean
- Verb of feeling (7)
(1) like
(2) prefer
(3) love
(4) want
(5) wish
(6) dislike
(7) hate
- Verb of perception
(giac quan) (5)
(1) see
(2) hear
(3) smell
(4) taste
(5) feel
- Verb of possession (4)
(1) to have
(2) to own
(3) to possess
(4) to belong
- Verb of existence (2)
(1) to be
(2) to exist
- Other verbs (9)
(1) include
(2) contain
(3) sound
(4) seem
(5) owe
(6) cost
(7) weigh
(8) need
(9) deserve (xung dang)
IV. Present Perfect VS Present Perfect Continuous
a. both to express 1 action started in past, still continue in present and come with since/for. But with the verbs not in V-ing they have to be used in present perfect.
b. Present Perfect impresses the result VS Present Perfect Continuous impresses the process of action
c. both to express 1 action that places result in present. Short action is used in Present Perfect, Long action can be used in both (usually in continuous)
d. finished VS unfinished
V. Past Simple
-
Notes: How to pronounce "ed"
- [id]: after t, d
- [t]: after VOICELESS Consonants (p, k, ,s, S, f, th(theta), tS)
- [d]: after VOWEL & VOICE Consonants
-
Question:
- Yes/No
- Wh + Subject/Others
- Tail Question
- Indirect Question
-
uses:
a. To express an action happening in the past (with time)
b. In narrative (tran thuat, no need time)
VI. Past Simple VS Past Continuous
- express 1 action permanently repeated in past VS temporary in past
- always: frequence(100%) VS complaint
- timetable VS fixed future arrangement
- Verbs not in V-ing => use Past Perfect
Short Action VS Long Action
Long Action:
- in exact time in past (3 PM yesterday, then at that moment, this time yesterday, this time last month/year)
- (1)Past Continuous expresses 1 happening action (longer) and 1 another action insert into (shorter) - use in Past Simple.
- Adverb: When S + V_ed; While S + was/were + V_ing
(2) Past Continuous expresses 2 actions happen concurrently in exact time in past
VII. Past Simple VS Present Perfect
a. Finished in the past VS unfinished in present
b. Both express action in past, Past Simple indicates clearly time of an action, but Present Perfect isn't.
c. Present Perfect express the experiences of an alive person.
- S + has/have + already/just/never/ever + PII
- This is the first/second/third + time + S + has/have + PII
once/twice/three/many times...
recently/lately
so far/up to now
in/for the last/past + 2 years/3 months before
yet (-; ?)
- to have been to: backed
- to have gone to: not yet backed
VIII. Past Perfect VS Past Perfect Continuous
a. Both express an action happened before another action in past. Short action is used in Past Perfect, Long action can use in both (usually in Past Perfect Continuous)
- When + S + V_ed
- By the time + S + V_ed
- By + past time
b. Both express 1 action that placed result in past. Short action is used in Past Perfect, Long action can use in both (usually in Past Perfect Continuous)
c. Impress the result (or with By...) VS Impress the process
- When + S + V_ed
- By the time + S + V_ed
- By + past time
IX. Future Simple VS Future Continuous
a. To express OFFER, Decisions or Promises MADE AT THE MOMENT OF SPEAKING VS To express plans made before the moment of speaking.
b. Future Predictions (less certain) VS (more certain)
B. Verb Forms
I. Ving
- Admit; 2. Advise; 3. Anticipate; 4. Appreciate; 5. Foresee; 6. Avoid; 7. Adore; 8. Advocate; 9. Can't help(ko the ko); 10. Consider; 11. Carry on; 12. Contemplate; 13. Celebrate; 14. Delay; 15. Deny; 16. Detest; 17. Discuss; 18. Dislike; 19. Dread; 20. End up; 21. Endure; 22. Enjoy; 23. Escape; 24. Face; 25. Fancy; 26. Feal like; 27. Finish; 28. Give up; 29. Imagine; 30. Include; 31. Involve; 32. Justify; 33. Keep (on); 34. Loathe; 35. Mention; 36. Mind; 37. Miss; 38. Postpone; 39. Practise; 40. Prohibit; 41. Put off; 42. Quite; 43. Recall; 44. Recommend; 45. Report; 46. Resent; 47. Resist; 48. Resume; 49. Risk; 50. Suggest; 51. Take up; 52. Tolerate; 53. Take to
II. V + (not) to V
- Afford; 2. Agree; 3. Aim; 4. Appear; 5. Arrange; 6. Aspire; 7. Attempt; 8. Ask; 9. Beg; 10. Cease; 11. Choose; 12. Claim; 13. Come; 14. Consent(agree); 15. Care; 16. Contrive(manage); 17. Dare; 18. Decide; 19. Demand; 20. Deserve; 21. Desire; 22. Expect; 23. Fail; 24. Grow; 25. Guarantee; 26. Happen; 27. Hesitate; 28. Hope; 29. Hurry; 30. Learn; 31. Manage; 32. Need; 33. Neglect; 34. Offer; 35. Opt(decide); 36. Plan; 37. Prepare; 38. Pretend; 39. Promise; 40. Prove; 41. Refuse; 42. Resolve; 43. Request; 44. Rush; 45. Seem; 46. Strive; 47. Swear; 48. Struggle; 49. Tend; 50. Turn out; 51. Undertake; 52. Volunteer; 53. Vote; 54. Can't wait (rat muon); 55. Want; 56. Wish; 57. Yearn(khao khat)
III. Verb + Ving/toV(same meaning)
- love/hate/like/prefer(a. like + Ving: so thich; b. would like + to V = want to V (so thich tam thoi); c. like + to V: viec lam can thiet, tot cho minh)..(would like/prefer + to V: would thi luon luon cong to)
- Begin/Start/Continue
- Can't help/bother/intend/propose
IV. V + Ving/toV (diff meaning)
a. try + to V: co gang lam gi
try + Ving: thu lam gif
b. stop + to V: dung lai de lam gi
stop + Ving: dung viec gi lai
c. regret + to V: lay lam tiec phai lam gi (chua lam, formal)
regret + (not) Ving: hoi han la da lam/khong lam gi
d/e. remember/forget + to V: nho/quen phai lam gif
remember/forget + Ving: nho/quen da lam gi
f. to go on + to V: chuyen sang
to go on + Ving: tiep tuc lam viec gi
g/h: need/want + to V: muon/can lam gi (chu dong)
need/want + Ving: can/muon duco lam gi (bi dong)
V. V + Object + (not) to V
- Advise; 2. Allow; 3. Assign; 4. Ask; 5. Assist; 6. Authorise; 7. Beg; 8. Cause(move); 9. Move; 10. Challenge; 11. Convince; 12. Dare; 13. Compel; 14. Force; 15. Encourage; 16. Defy(dare); 17. Expect; 18. Forbid; 19. Choose; 20. Select; 21. Employ; 22. Hire; 23. Recruit; 24. Empower; 25. Instruct; 26. Invite; 27. Need; 28. Enable(lam cho ai co the lam gi); 29. Order; 30. Permit; 31. Persuade; 32. Remind; 33. Require; 34. Request; 35. Teach; 36. Tell; 37, urge; 38. Want; 39. Warn; 40. Would like; 41. Send(cu ai lam gi); 42. Signal(cho ai lam gi); 43. Free(cho ai tu do lam gi); 44. Help; 45. Lead; 46. Motivate; 47. Nominate; 48. Pick; 49. Prompt; 50. Tempt; 51. Move(cause); 52. Qualify(lam cho ai co du tu cach); 53. Trust(tin tuong ai/nho ai lam gi)
VI. Verb + Object + Ving
- Catch(bat gap ai lam gi)
- Find(thay)
- Feel(cam thay)
- Glimpse(thoang thay)
- Hear
- Notice
- Observe(quan sat)
- Overhear(nghe lom, nghe ko chu dich)
- See(ko chu y)
- Watch(chu y)
- Smell
VII. Verb _ Object + Vinf
- Make(buoc) ai lam gif
- Let(de) ai lam gi
- Help(giup) ai lam gi
- hear
- overhear
- feel
- see
- notice
- watch
- NOTE:
to + (hear/overhear/feel/see/notice/watch) + object + Ving(long action)/Vinf
VIII. Verb + Objects/Possessive Adjectives + Ving
- Dislike; 2. Recollect(nho lai/nho ra); 3. Inist on(khang khang); 4. Like; 5. Stop; 6. Mind; 7. APprove of; 8. Disapprove of; 9. Object to; 10. Understand; 11. Fancy; 12. Resent; 13. Mean; 14. Dread; 15. Remember; 16. Forgive; 17. APpreciate