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LU7: Respiration System (51494, 54020) (Lungs of Terrestrial Vertebrates…
LU7: Respiration System (51494, 54020)
Cellular Respiration
-
obtain oxygen from surrounding
- oxidise food molecules (glucose)
eliminate carbon dioxide, water and energy
Chemical Equation:
- Glucose + 6Oxygen -> 6 Carbon dioxide + 6 Water + ATP
Respiratory gas exchange
- Carbon dioxide & Oxygen
- Via simple diffusion
- down concentration gradient
Rate of diffusion
Fick's Law of Diffusion formula:
-
R increase, when:
- A increase
- P increase
- d decrease
Gas exchange in different animals
- Small animals : Large surface area over volume
- Large animals : special respiratory organ needed.
A) Cnidaria
Maximize rate of diffusion
- Thin cell/ tissues
- circulate water to maintain partial pressure.
Limitation
- Cannot large
- Cannot involved in energy consuming activities
-
B) Annelida
-
Maximize rate of respiration
- Thin skin
- increase surface area
- use CILIA move water to maintain partial pressure
Limitation
- cannot too large
- No energetically expensive activities
Large animals
- supplimentary respiratory system
Large animals
- Primary respiratory system
-
-
-
C) Arthropods
- Through TRACHEAL TUBE SYSTEM (at spiracles)
- Gas exchange between tracheoles & body cells
- Supports high metabolic rate
D) Arachnid
- Hemolymph filled stakes of lamellae
- Air move between lamellae
- gas exchange with haemolymph
-
-
E) Fish
-
- Gills slits perforate the pharyn & gills, protect by bony plate (operculum)
- movement of jaw & operculum : pump water (oxygen)
-
ii) Chordata (Eg: larval fish, amphibians)
-
Maximize rate of diffusion
- thin gills
- increase surface area
Limitation
- must constatnt motion or water current
- tissue cannot be protected
- small body size
iii) Labirinth fish
- live in very low oxygenated water
-
- gulp air from water surface & diffuse in labyrinth organ
-
Oxygen Transportation
- Oxygen + Hemoglobin --> Oxyhemoglobin
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve
- difference in hemoglobin affinity toward oxygen to form oxygemoglobin
- Change in:
i) temperature
ii) pH
iii) organic phosphate
affect dissociation of oxyhemoglobin
- high partial pressure of oxygen, form oxyhemoglobin
- low partial pressure of oxygen, release oxygen and hemoglobin.
- Sigmoid shape
Carbon Dioxide Transportation
- Majority (60%): bicarbonate ion
- 30%: Carbaminohemoglobin
- 10%： dissolve in blood plasma