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problem 1. Stress (Folkman & Razarus (2 mechanism through which…

- - - - attention is redirected from the task to a more pressing emergency
    - - anxiety related thoughts are irrelevant to performance impede functioning
- - - - involves direct material or bodily change
    - - involves how individuals perceive circumstances in their lives
      - 3 ways of examining
        
        focuses on environment
        
        stress as a stimulus
        
        see stimulus in people's reference to the source or cause of their tension as being an event or set of circumstances
        
        focusing on people's reaction to stressors
        
        stress as a response to stressors
        
        when people use the word stress to refer to their state of tension
        
        2 forms of interrelated forms
        
        psychological responses
        
        behaviour, thought patterns and emotions when you feel nervous
        
        physiological responses
        
        heightened bodily arousal
        
        stress as a process that includes stressors & strain, but adds the relationship between the person & environment
        
        involves transactions
        
        stress is rather a process where the person is an active agent who influence the impact of a stressor through behavioural, cognitive, and emotional stages
- - - - 3 judgement
        
        it is irrelevant
        
        it is good (benign- positive)
        
        it is stressful
        
        harm-loss
        
        threat involves the expectation of future harm
        
        challenge
      - trial to assess the meaning of the situation for our well-being
    - - we are more aware of secondary appraisal when judging a situation as stressful
      - DOES NOT necessarily follow primary appraisal in time
      - our ongoing assessment of the resources we have available for coping
- - - - include motivational, intellectual, and personality characteristics
      - self-esteem
        
        high self esteem ---> likely to believe their resources meet the demands ---> when stressed, may interpret the situation challenging
      - motivation
        
        the more important a threatened goal, the more stress the person is likely to perceive
      - person's belief system
        
        many people have irrational beliefs that increase their stress
    - - timing of a life transition can affect the stress
      - ambiguity can have an effect on stress appraisals
        
        role ambiguity
        
        harm ambiguity
      - life transactions tend to be stressful
      - controllability
        
        2 types of control
        
        behavioural
        
        cognitive
      - events that involve very strong demands and are imminent tend to be seen stressful
      - desirability of the situation
- - - - emotion & stress
        
        cognitive appraisal process can influence both stress and the emotional experience
        
        fear is a common emotional reaction
        
        phobia
        
        anxiety
        
        stress can lead to feelings of sadness or depression
      - cognition & stress
        
        stress can impair cognitive functioning
        
        stress can enhance our attention, particularly toward the stressor
        
        high level of stress affect people's memory and attention
    - - physiological reaction to stress
      - fight -or -flight response
      - our body is aroused and motivated to defend itself
      - reactivity
      - General Adaptation syndrome (Hans Selye)
        
        stage of exhaustion
        
        stage of resistance
        
        alarm reaction
    - - gender and sociocultural differences in stress
        
        women experience more stress
        
        being a member of a minority group
        
        men show more reactivity when psychologically stressed
        
        some studies : black people show greater reactivity under stress
- - - - Emotion-focused coping
        
        through behavioural & cognitive approaches 
        
        people tend to use this when they believe they can do nothing to change the stressful conditions
        
        s aimed at controlling the emotional response to stressful situation
      - Problem-focused coping
        
        people tend to use this when they believe their resources or the demands of the situation are changeable
        
        is aimed at reducing the demands of the stressful situation or expanding the resources to deal with it
    - - cognitive redefinition
        
        optimistic people are more likely to use problem-focused method
        
        may involve the distancing and positive reappraisal strategies
        
        a strategy whereby ppl try to put a good face on a bad situation  
      - defence mechanisms (Freud)
        
        denial
        
        intellectualisation
      - emotional discharge
        
        usually occurs in conjunction with seeking social support
        
        can also involve using jokes or gallows humour
        
        involves expressing or releasing their feelings about a stressful situation