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Topic 6 (Key Words (White Blood Cells = also known as leukocytes are cells…

- - - - Antitoxins
        
        These counteract/neutralise the harmful poisonous toxins produced by the pathogen, which stops them from harming the body
      - Antibodies
        
        Attach/bind to antigens surrounding the pathogen (as they are the same shape which fits the antigen), destroying it
        
        Micro-organisms have antigens which act like identification on their surface, however they can be identified by WBCs and if it's foreign then antibodies will be produced
        
        If the body is infected by the same micro-organism again (with the same antigens) then the WBCs will be faster to kill the pathogen
    - - B lymphocytes (B-cells) - secrete antibodies
      - T lymphocytes (T-cells) - function in cell, mediated immunity
- - - - Also acts as a barrier to defend the plant
    - - This forms the bark on trees, can fall off and take pathogens with it
    - - Acts as a barrier to resist infection of pathogens
- - - - This is done because if the body gets re-infected by that same pathogen then the immune system would know how to get rid of it and this time, faster to avoid further harm to the body
  - - - Neomycin
        
        Stop protein synthesis
      - Vancomycin
        
        Stops protein synthesis
      - Erythromycin
        
        Stops protein synthesis
      - Ciprofloxacin
        
        Stops DNA replication
      - Penicillin
        
        Breaks down cell walls
        
        Discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928
        
        He noticed some bacteria left in a Petri dish had been killed by some naturally occurring penicillium (a mould)
    - - These may survive and reproduce causing more to be resistant
      - MRSA is an example of this and is very dangerous as it's resistant to so many antibiotics
- - - - Acts as a barrier - traps dirt and microbes
    - - High salt content and traps dirt
    - - Corrosive stomach acid (pH 2 - Hydrochloric Acid) destroys bacteria
    - - Brushes microbes away from lungs to the stomach which are trapped in the mucus
    - - Hairs trap large particles from air and are removed by sneezing or swallowing the mucus
    - - Platelets clots together to prevent infection getting in
    - - Blocks entry of microbes and dead skin cells are shed taking microbes with it