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Issues in Product Management (Culture： learned beliefs, values and…
Issues in Product Management
Ethics
Foundation of ethical decision-making
Teleological ethics
focused on the ends (result) rather than the
method.
Egoism
Utilitarianism
Everybody is equal
Don’t think of long-term consequences.
Pleasure is measured in total.
Hedons: standard unit of measurement for pleasure
Dolors: standard unit of measurement for pain;
Machiavellianism
Deontological ethics
focuses on the means of getting the result
‘deontology’ (Greek word) = duty
Values
Values are the core beliefs or desires that guide or motivate attitudes and actions.
Ethics is concerned with how a person should behave.
Values are concerned with why a person behaves in a certain way.
Values are learnt from parents, friends, school, cultures
Who determines right and wrong
Ethical relativism（RELATIVIST）
Individual relativism
Cultural relativisim
Ethical Universalism（ABSOLUTIST）
Donaldson’s Three Principles
Respect for core human values
Respect for local traditions
Context is important
Culture：
learned beliefs, values and customs of
people in a given population
Beliefs
Values：
the core of culture
Symbols：Words, gestures, pictures or objects
Heroes：Persons, alive or dead, real or imaginary
Rituals
Customs
Culture satisfies people’s needs
Culture is dynamic
Three ways of learning culture
Formal learning
Informal learning
Technical learning
Learning one’s own culture – Enculturation
Learning a new or foreign culture – Acculturation
Hofstede Dimensions of Culture
Uncertainty Avoidance
how comfortable people feel towards ambiguity
Power Distance
human inequality
Masculinity-Femininity
Individualism-Collectivism
Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation
the present or the future
Competitive Advantages of Cultures
Edward Hall’s Cultural
Framework (1976)
Space
Context
High Context (HC)
Low Context (LC)
Time (Monochron or Polychron)
Implications for Managers
Multinational Strategies
Adaptive Global Marketing
Culture at different depths
Symbols
Heroes
Rituals
Leadership
Leadership Styles
The Nice Guy
The Loser
The Compromiser
The Task Master
The Ideal Manager
Leading Activities
Deciding
Communicating
Motivating
Selecting People
Developing People
Leadership Theories
McGregor’s Theory X and Y
Theory X
Theory Y