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C1 (3) (Polymers and Waste (Sorting out Waste (Most disposable plastic…
C1 (3)
Polymers and Waste
Sorting out Waste
Most disposable plastic items are labelled with a recycling symbol and code number to identify the polymer
Instead of dumping in landfills, household rubbish, including plastics, can be burned in incinerators(heat can generate electricity or heat local building but it can cause air pollution)
Biodegradable Plastics
Plastics in landfills do not rot, and the ground will be unusable for agriculture
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Oil from Plants
Oils in food and fuels
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Oils from rapeseed, soya beans and other crops are converted into biodiesel fuels
Cooking food in oils produces different flavours and textures(cooked faster at a high temperature than water)
Oilds contain nutrients
Essential fatty acids, Vitamins, Minerals, Trace elements
Essential Oils
Flowers contain essential oils, and are different from the natural oils in seeds and nuts. Low boiling points so evaporate easily(used in perfume)
Essential oils are extracted using steam distillation(the less dense essential oil floats on top of the water)
Vegetable oils have much more complex molecules than mineral oil, with many carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Biofuels
Issues
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Environmental issues
The demand for fuel is so great, a lot of land would be needed
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Making Biofuels
Plant oils, animals fats or cooking oils can be converted into biodiesel and then used in diesel engines
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Oils and Fats
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Hardening Vegetable Oils
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Hydrogenation adds hydrogen to the double bonds so the oil becomes saturated and solid(uses a nickel catalyst)
Emulsions
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Emulsifiers
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Emulsifiers are compounds where one end is hydrophilic(water loving) and the other end is hydrophobic(water fearing)
Oil droplets become surrounded by emulsifier molecules with hydrophobic ends in the oil. The hydrophilic ends on the outside attract the droplets to the water
Earth
Inside
The crust is a thin layer of cold, solid rock(5-30km)
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The core is at the centre, is solid iron and nickel and an outer core is a molten mixture of iron and nickel
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Continents on the Move
Continental Drift
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Other scientist at the time rejected the idea of continental drift as they couldn't proved continents moved
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The tectonic plates float on the liquid rock of the mantle. Heat from radioactive processes within the Earth drives convection currents in the mantle. These currents carry the floating plates, and the continents very slowly, only a few centimetres a year, in a process call continental drift
Continents move Apart?
When tectonic plates move apart, magma (molten rock) escapes from the mantle, forming new crust
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
When Atlantic Ocean as the plates move apart, magma rises through the gap creating an underwater mountain range
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The Air We Breathe
Atmosphere Evolve
Earth was formed about 4 6000 million years ago, in the first 1 000 million years there was intense volcanic activity, relesing steam, CO2, ammiona and methane
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About 3 400 million years ago simple life that could photosynthesise had developed in the oceans and seas. Algae used CO2 and release oxygen which reacts with ammonia to make nitrogen gas
Bout 400 million years ago he atmosphere had enough oxygen to allow land plants and then animals to elolve
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Carbon Dioxide levels
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Problems
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High concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will mean more dissolves in seas and oceans making them slightly acidic(upsetting the ecosystem)