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C1 (2) (Copper (Physical and Chemical changes during Extraction (Copper is…
C1 (2)
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Aluminium and Titanium
Extraction
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Titanium cannot be extracted by carbon or electricity. First the ore, rutile(titanium oxide) is converted to titanium chloride. Then, titanium chloride is reacted with magnesium
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Corrosion Resistance
Both titanium and aluminium are very reactive metals, yet they resist corrosion
Both metals react easily with oxygen forming a tough layer on the surface, preventing further reaction
Acids and alkalis do attack aluminium, because they react with the oxide layer. Titanium oxide does not react so titanium can be used inside out bodies for replacement joints and to hold broken bones together
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A Burning Problem
Global Effects
Global Warming(increasing CO2 in the atmosphere traps more energy from the sun making the Earth warmer)
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Acid Rain(caused by nitrogen, sulfur and carbon dioxide dissolving in rain water)
Combustion
During combustion, each carbon atom in a fuel needs 2 or more atoms to form CO2(if there is only 1, carbon monoxide is created and if there are none, carbon is left)
Carbon Monoxide(poisonous, it is easily absorbed by your red blood cells instead of oxygen leaving the body deprived from oxygen)
Reducing Air Pollution
Alternative Solutions
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To reduce the amount of these compounds released by vehicles, all new cars are fitted with a catalytic converter(carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides into nitrogen)
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Crude Oil
Fractional Distillation
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Vapours consisting of hydrocarbons rise up the cloumn, gradually cooling(if cooled before their boiling point, the condense back to liquid and run off
Hydrocarbons with high boiling points condense first(the lower their boiling point, the higher they rise)
Hydrocarbons with different size molecules condense at different levels, separating the crude oil mixture into a series of fractions with similar numbers of carbon atoms and boiling points
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Cracking
How Cracking Works
Crude oils have different amounts of different hydrocarbons, but never enough petrol sized molecules for our need
Heating the hydrocarbons makes each molecules waggle until a carbon-carbon bond breaks(can break at different places)
One of the molecules made is an alkane, the other has 2 bonds shown as C=C between a pair of carbon atoms(alkene)
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Types of Cracking
Fuel oil is mixed with steam in a furnace at about 850oC(hydrocarbons undergo thermal decomposition)
Fuel oil is vaporised and mixed with a catalyst at about 600oC(allows cracking to happen at a lower temperature)
Alkenes
Reactive Alkenes
In a double bond, one bond can 'open up' allowing each carbon atom to form a bond with another atom(reactive compounds)
Each carbon atom in an alkane already has bonds to four other bonds(unlike alkenes, alkanes cannot react by adding extra atoms). Alkanes are saturated (cannot add atoms) while alkenes are unsaturated
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Detecting Double Bonds
Adding a few drops of orange-brown bromine water to a sample of a hydrocarbon shows whether the hydrocarbon is saturated
If the hydrocarbon contains double bonds, the orange brown colour will rapidly disappear, it is unsaturated
If the bromine water stays orange-brown, then the hydrocarbon is saturated
Making Ethanol
Converting
Alcohol
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Ethanol(made through two ways: crude oil, sugar)
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Other Uses
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Useful when making pharmaceuticals, perfumes and aftershaves,inks and varnish
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Polymers from Alkenes
Variety
To make poly(ethene), ethene is heated under pressure(monomer). A catalyst sets off a chain reaction which makes a double bond(C=C). It joins onto another ethene molecules. This is repeated creating a polymer chain
The reaction involves only the C=C double bond. Changing the atoms attached to the carbons could make a lot of different polymers with different properties
Polymers and Plastics
Polymers are molecules consisting of very long chains made from carbon atoms, with various other atoms attached(DNA, proteins and silk)
Most polymers have very low densities, are not brittle(and do not break easily), can withstand corrosion by chemicals and soften when heated(can easily be moulded into shapes)
Designer Polymers
Special Polymers
Plastic polymers are easily moulded into shapes, low density(lightweight), waterproof and resistant to acids and alkalis
Properties such as strength, hardness and flexibility vary
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Future
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Biodegradable polymers rot away, unlike other polymers that cause waste problems