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Hunger & Eating (CONDITIONED
FACTORS (Flavors associated with high…
Hunger & Eating
CONDITIONED
FACTORS
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Flavors associated with nutritive foods (e.g.,
thiamine in thiamine-deficient rats)
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HOMEOSTATIC FACTORS
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Signal fat levels, fullness, glucose levels
Peripheral hormones
Ghrelin – secreted from stomach, increases in response
to negative energy balance and promotes feeding
Leptin – secreted from adipose tissue, suppresses feeding
Insulin – secreted by pancreas, suppresses feeding
NEURAL STRUCTURES
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Current thinking is that the following nuclei in the
hypothalamus are important:
Lateral nucleus
Ventromedial nucleus
Paraventricular nucleus
Arcuate Nucleus
ARCUATE NUCLEUS
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AGRP neuron manipulation
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Activation suppresses motivation for
other drives (water, social, fear) --->
hunger is dominant (Burnett et al.2016)
LEPTIN
BRAIN MECHANISMS
Injections of leptin in rats suppress feeding
Leptin secreted by adipose tissue
Transported across blood-brain barrier
Acts in arcuate nucleus (see a few slides back)
OBESITY TREATMENT
cannot treat obesity.
Obese patients already have high levels of leptin in the blood stream.
Obese patients’ brains are leptin-insensitive
leptin dysfunction involved in obesity, but
leptin cannot be used to treat obesity
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