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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The process of obtaining oxygen from the
external…
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The process of obtaining oxygen from the
external environment and eliminating
carbon dioxide. 
Cellular respiration
- The process of oxidising food molecules, like
glucose, to produce carbon dioxide, water and
energy.
- Cellular respiration is where the O2 serving as
oxidizing agent, converted into CO2 (in aerobic
respiration).
Respiratory gas exchange
• The force that drive respiratory gas exchange
(O2 and CO2) between membrane surfaces
(e.g. cell wall) is simple diffusion.
• The O2 and CO2 passively move through the
membrane barrier following to their
concentration gradient to achieve equilibrium.
-
R can be increased if
- Increase area (A) of respiratory surface
- Increase difference in concentration (P) on either side of
respiratory surface
- Decrease distance (d) over which gases must travel
-
Gas Exchange across Body
Cnidaria
Maximize Rate of Diffusion
- Thin cell or tissue layers
- Circulate water across outer
surface
The limitation with System:
- Cannot be large in size
- Cannot be involved in energy consuming
activities
Annelida
Cutaneous Respiration
- Primary Respiratory System
Bornean Flat-headed Frog (Barbourula kalimantanensis)Lunglesstoad.
- Discovered in a mountain stream in Borneo in
2008.
- Habitat: fast-flowing stream (high dissolved
oxygen)
- Flattened body, hence large surface area for gas
exchange.
Lungless Caecilian (Atretochoana eiselti)
- largest tetrapod to lack lungs.
- Its skin is filled with capillaries that penetrate the
epidermis.
- Habitat: warm (24-30 °C), turbid, fast running
water in the lowland Brazilian Amazon basin.
Maximize rate of diffusion
- Thin skin
- Increased surface area
- Use cilia on skin to move water
Limitation with System:
- Cannot get too large
- No energetically expensive
activities
Arthropods
Tracheal Tube Systems
- Tracheal tubes open to outside at
spiracles along body surface.
- Gases exchange between fluid of
tracheoles and body cells.
- Supports high metabolic rate of
insects to ensure an efficient
system
Arachnid
Book Lung
- Spiders and scorpions
- Hemolymph filled stakes of lamellae.
- Air move in the cavities between exchange
lamellae and of respiratory gasses occur with the heamolymph.
- Unlike insect, spiders run out of oxygen quickly and that why they move only in
short burst.
Aquatic animals
-
Maximize rate of Diffusion of Gills
- Thin gills (blood vessels close to surface of gill)
- Increase surface area of gill with feather-like arrangement
- Constantly ‘pump’ water across gills with buccal and opercular cavities
- Uses counter-current system in gills to increase DP
Limitation Internal Gills
- very efficient in water but do not work on land
- lack support needed in less-buoyant air; gill filaments collapse
- Air is relatively dry and all respiratory surfaces must be moist (gas exchange must occur in water); gills have large surface area exposed to dry air
External Gills
- Phylum Chordata
- larval fish and amphibians (also in some adult salamanders)
Limitation of External Gills
- Must be in constant motion or in water current
- Tissue delicate and cannot be protected
- Relatively small body size
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