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RCM401 (Listening: The "Lost" Communication Skill (Types of…

- - - - Physiological process of receiving and perceiving sound waves
      - A pre-requisite for listening
    - - Psychological act
        
        Open-mindedness
        
        Variety of interests
        
        Willingness to listen
  - - - Appropriate eye contact
      - Does not interrupt the speaker
      - Asks nonthreatening questions
      - Demonstrates interest
      - Does not criticize
    - - Interrupts speaker
      - Judgemental
      - Close-minded
      - Gives unwanted advice
      - Lacks eye contact
  - - - Sensing: reception of verbal/nonverbal messages
      - Interpreting: understanding the message
      - Evaluating: sorting facts from opinion
      - Responding: reacting with verbal/nonverbal queues
        
        Paraphrasing: mirroring the speaker's message in your own words
        
        Open questions: questions without a yes/no response
        
        :star: Paralinguistics: volume, pitch, and rate of speech impacted by emotion
        
        :star: Constructive feedback: specific, non-judgemental, descriptive feedback not focussing on personal characteristics
  - - - Relational listening: active listening that aims to enhance personal relationships
  - - - Direct eye contact
      - Smiling
      - Nodding
      - Eyes wide open
      - Leaning in
    - - Yawning
      - Staring
      - Crossed arms
      - Sharking head
      - Nervous fidgets
  - - - Egocentrism: an interest in only what is relevant to yourself
      - Ethnocentrism: limiting yourself to the interests of your own cultural/ethnic group
      - Dogmatism: opinions we hold without questioning
- - - - Develop strong interpersonal skills
      - Gain an understanding of sensitivity to one's emotions
      - Use interpersonal and emotional skills to bring dialog to life
      - Prepare and rehearse extensively
  - - - Timing
      - Use of language
      - Nonverbal communication
    - - Books
      - Articles
      - Movies
  - - - Outline the structure of your speech
      - Be familiar with the timing
      - Visualize the presentation
    - - Prepare organizes, legible notes if you're using them
      - Prepare any visual aids well ahead of time and use for rehearsal
      - Plan your outfit ahead of time
      - Visit the venue before your presentation day
        
        Fixing any problems with the room
        
        Being familiar with the environment
- - - - Doing more than just informing
      - Must account for audience's knowledge and opinion of the topic
      - Be realistic about what can be accomplished
        
        Persuasion does not exist in black/white
        
        Audience is on some opposed/in-favour scale that your persuasive communication attempts to move them along
    - - Persuasive communication is a dialog between the speaker and the audience
      - Put yourself in the place of the audience and image how they would respond to your speech
    - - It's not always possible to make your speech equally appealing to the entire audience
      - :star: Target audience: the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade
      - Having a target audience does not mean disregarding the rest of the audience
  - - - :star: Question of Fact: a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion
      - Informational = non-partisan, persuasive = partisan
      - Present one view of the facts as persuasively as possible
      - Drawing conclusions from known facts
      - Topical; each main point presents a reason someone should agree with them
    - - :star: Question of Value: a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action
      - Claims must be justified
      - Establish standards for defining the value
      - Topical; first define the standards for your judgement, second apply those standards to the subject of the speech
    - - :star: Question of policy: a question about whether a specific course of action should/should not be taken
      - Types of speeches on questions of policy
        
        Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement: a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy
        
        Speeches to Gain Immediate Action: a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy
      - Need-plan-practicality
        
        Need: the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy. Is there a serious problem that requires a change from the current policy?
        
        Plan: the second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy. If there is a problem, does the speaker have a plan to solve it?
        
        Practicality: the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy. Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?
      - Comparative Advantages Order: when an audience already agrees a problem exists, devote your speech to comparing the advantages and disadvantages of competing solutions
- - - - Views of the audience dictate balance in effort spent on problem and solution
      - Simple and easy to use structure
      - Presentation order of the problem and solution depends on which format will best benefit the persuasive presentation
    - - :arrow_right::arrow_right::arrow_right:
        
        Help the audience see the need for action as it relates to them
        
        Discuss a plan that would help the audience's motivation fuelled by the need turn into action
        
        Explain the benefits of the plan
      - :star: Good for personal topics
    - - :star: Good when relationship between cause and effect is in question
      - :arrow_right::arrow_right::arrow_right:
        
        Discuss validity of link between cause and effect
        
        Present proposal to remove the cause
      - Cause must be sufficient and necessary to generate effect
    - - :star: Good for controversial topics (with backing for both sides)
      - :arrow_right::arrow_right::arrow_right:
        
        Share advantages and disadvantages of proposal
        
        Present suggestions
      - Suggestions vary with audience
        
        If audience initially agrees, suggestions are a plan for specific action
        
        An uncertain audience is given less direction
      - :star: Pseudo-informative
        
        Support advantages (disadvantages), minimize disadvantages (advantages), and suggest a course of action which the audience should have already selected
        
        Speaker needs high credibility with audience
    - - :star: Compare your proposal with the status quo
      - Persuading audience because action will help them improve
      - :arrow_right::arrow_right::arrow_right:
        
        Present proposal
        
        Present advantages
        This can be reversed if audience already involved with topic
      - Compare results of proposal to present conditions
    - - :arrow_right::arrow_right::arrow_right:
        
        Attention
        
        Need
        
        Solution
        
        Visualization
        
        Action
        
        Attention: the primary purpose of the speech
        
        Need: establish the need worthy of the audience's time and attention
        
        Solution: plan/proposal that will help audience fulfill the need
        
        Visualization: Positive outcomes/negative consequences are presented
        
        Action: speaker asks the audience to do something
- - - - What do I want?
      - What's my goal for this speech?
      - What type of rhetoric do I need (past/present/future)?
    - - Ethos, then logos, then pathos
        
        Ethos: start by winning over the audience, getting them to like you because of your concern for their own interest
        
        Logos: state the facts of your argument, make your case logically, and take down your opponents argument
        
        Pathos: get the audience charged up through emotions that lead to action
      - Classical Order
        
        Introduction
        
        Narration
        
        Division
        
        Proof
        
        Refutation
        
        Conclusion
        
        Introduction: ethos part which wins the interest and good will of the audience
        
        Narration: the statement of facts in a logical, relevant way
        
        Division: list the points where you and your opponent disagree
        
        Proof: get into your own argument and examples
        
        Refutation: destroy opponent's argument
        
        Conclusion: restate best points and get a little emotional
      - Reluctant conclusion: when the audience seems against you, pretend you came to your conclusion reluctantly
    - - Virtues of Style
        
        Proper language: words that suit the occasion and audience
        
        Clarity: having clear style, which can depend on the audience
        
        Vividness: creating a rhetorical reality before the audience
        
        Decorum: the art of fitting in
        
        Ornament: the rhythm of your voice and cleverness of words
    - - Use of visual memory techniques to remember a speech's structure and components
        
        PowerPoint
        
        The "memory villa"
    - - The Ideal Voice
        
        Volume: the ability to project
        
        Stability: endurance in being able to control your voice at all points throughout the speech
        
        Flexibility: ability to vary your tone according to the occasion
      - Body movement
        
        Do not call attention to gestures
        
        Focus on facial expressions
        
        Better to avoid gestures than to do the wrong ones
    - - Invention
        
        Arrangement
        
        Style
        
        Memory
        
        Delivery
      - Consider this order when creating a speech