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Arab Uprisings (CAUSES (Colonial Legacies & Post-Populist Republics…

- - - - Exception: Algeria: Colonialism + post-populism but few protests
        
        Legacies of Colonialism > al Ethno-religious diversity and conflict > bl 'Divide and Rule' Strategy
  - - - Rentier systems less prone to Uprisings al E.g. GCC Countries (Gulf Cooperation Council) > Algeria bl Exception: Lybia, Bahrain (falling reserves), Tunisia (gas pipeline) cl 'Strategic Rent' : Jordan > i. Egypt, Syria > ii. Morocco: little strategic rent > iii. Bahrain: strategic f. Saudi Arabia a. USA
  - - - 'Demonstration effect' led several leaders, particularly in Algeria a. Tunisia, to decide to remove existing constituional limit of two presidential terms
        
        'Much depends on definitons used to describe Uprisings themselves' > 'popular revolutions' > 'revolutionary situation, created out of variety of discontents, of which economic - unemployment, poverty, inflation represent only small part' > for Camus 'revolutions = primarily political and ideological events' (1962)
        
        'Moment when mass o. people dare to express true geelings of discontent as become suddenly aware that huge number of country fellow man feel same way' (Kuran, 1989) > sharing/recruiting function of social media
        
        Unpreparedness of authoritarian leaders >> notion of 'mirror effect' > leaders see what want to see over time
- - - - Conflict betw. controlling role of social media as new tool of repression and rool of democratic openness > BUT: control of conventional media made role of new media more relevant
        
        In Tunisia: self-immolition to protest against political repression became national, eventually international through New Media > 'Three months before similar case in Monastic. But no one knew about it b/c. not filmed. What made difference this time is that images were put on Facebook and everyone saw it' (Beaumont, 2011)
        
        Role of cyberactivism defines as 'the act of using the internet to advance political cause' (Howard, 2011)
        
        In Egypt: media used to tell stories of police brutality, violence and injustice > media helped mobilising specific outcomes such as removal of President Mubarak > gave voice to those silenced by government to articulate specific interests > Thus: not driving force behind uprisings but means to specify and spread intentions and actual causes > 'means rather than end of social movements'