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Britain 1939-1975 (Changes in the 1960's (In the 1960's teenagers…
Britain 1939-1975
Changes in the 1960's
In the
1960
's teenagers
changing became more rapid
Teenage consumers
Radios became
portable
because of
new technologies
this meant they could
listen to music with friends
Because of new record players
being cheap
they could
listen to their own music
consequently in
1955 5 million singles where sold and in 1960 50 million where sold
TV and radio programmes
Tv and radio producers began to target teenagers
The programme
'ready steady go!'
was one example
The
audience
was made up of
fashionable, good-looking teenagers
Popular bands
played on the show
The beetles and rolling stones
Transport
In the
1960
's teenagers took advantage of
new public transport
and
bought scooters and motorbikes
as they became more
affordable
(and
fashionable
because of
mods and rockers
)
Music
The
most significant change
was in the
music industry and how it blew up
in the
1960's
Small bands
of
young men
wrote songs for
their age
Groups like the
Beatles
and
Rolling stones
became
famous
Their songs where often
rebellious
(the rolling stones sung about sex and drugs)
Pirate radio stations
began broadcasting
popular music
such as
radio Caroline
Fashion
The
fashion industry
also took off in the
1960's
New
young designers
like
Mary Quant
made
stylish and lightweight clothes
like the
mini skirt
The Kings road
and
Carnaby street
became
fashion capitals
of youth fashion
Photographers
like
David Bailey
and
hairdressers
like
Vidal Sassoon
became famous in the 1960's
The Impact of WW2 on peoples lives
Presence of foreign troops
In the war lots of troops where based in Britain because of its location, especially leading up to D-Day
American troops (GI)
American GI's began to
arrive
in Britain in
1942
The Americans where
easy going
and
not class conscious
like at the time the British where
Overall the GI's
mixed in well
but some times there where
some issues
Some American Gi's where
black
and came form
segregated
communities, when they came to
Britain
this was the
first time they where treated well
by white people
Other Allied soldiers
Commonwealth
troops
fought with the allies
in WW2 these included
Australians, Canadians, New Zealanders and Indians
40,000
British women
married Canadian soldiers
There where
120,000
Poles settled in Britain. This is because
Poland became Communist
and they would rather stay in Britain.
Prisoners of war
The amount of
German and Italian troops
held captive increased as the
allies where winning more battles
. By
1945
there where
402,000
German and
157,000
Italian prisoners of war in Britain.
They where
treated well
and
25,000 Germans settled in Britain
Women experience of the war
in
1941
, all women and
20
or older
had to register for war work
(in
factories
and the
auxiliary armed forces
etc)
By
1945
80
% of
married
women and
90
% of
single
women were
working
in the industries or armed forces
In
1943
over
443,000
women worked in the a
rmed forces
Trade union
expected more women workers than in WW1
Things like
nurseries
where made to
help women work
and look after kids
Young Peoples experiences of the war
Evacuation
Evacuation
was probably the
biggest way the war effected young people
especially those from cities and industrial areas where
Some evacuees where
separated from their families for 6 years
, some where treated well and some where treated bad
They where
not used to rural life
and often found themselves in much
more wealthy families
50
% of children
stayed at home
School
Schooling
was
badly affected
by the war
Schools in
towns
where
closed
Children who got
evacuated
only went t school for
half a day
Health
The
health
of young people
improved
Rationing
meant thy ate
less food
but had a more
balanced diet
Evacuees
tended to have a
better diet
Many people
suffered emotionally
because of
bombing etc
The NHS
The most
important
creation in the
welfare state
was the
NHS
which began in
July 1948
The impact of the NHS
The
British public welcomed
free medial and detail care and the
demand exceeded all expectations
Between
1948 and 1973
the number of
doctors doubled
High quality maternity care
became available for the first time
As well as doctors the
NHS provided midwives and GP's too
Medical inspections
of
school nurses
meant that
kids health improved
Free children vaccinations
meant that
deaths from common diseases went down
Children
under 5's mortality rate
fell from
60,000 in 1945
to
20,000 in 1975
Changes in education
In the
1960's
secondary schools
where either
Grammar or secondary modern schools
If you
failed grammar school
you would
go into secondary modern schools
In
1965
the government changed this and
created comprehension schools
which allowed
kids of any background and intellect
in
1,145 comprehension schools
where set up in
1970
University and polytechnics
In
1939
only
50,000
young people studies beyond school by
1970
nearly
400,000
young people stayed
In
1950-1960
13 new universities
where set up
32 polytechnics
where setup
Art colleges
where made
Loans
where set up to pay for
poorer students
Attitudes towards women during and after the war
Even though they had many new opportunities the
views from men didn't really change
Jobs
women did
where
said to be simple
and believed
only women could do simple jobs
Even though they where in the
military
they had very
supportive roles
(not on front line)
After the War
Before the war
Many younger married women
stopped work to have kids
, this was encouraged by the media
Many
older women
carried on
working
and
help the British industry recover
In
1947 18%
of women had jobs compared to
10% in 1939
The Beveridge report
In the
middle of the second world war
Sir
Beverage
was asked to research how the
quality of the British life could be improved in the post war
. He found
5 issues: poverty , poor education, bad housing and unemployment
In
July 1945
a
labour government
came to power and began to i
mplement Beverage's ideas
which formed the '
welfare state'
Family allowance act
in
1945
- gave
5 shillings per week per child
National insurance act
in
1946
gave
benefits
of any
unemployed worker
, injured or sick
National Health service act
in
1948
gave
free healthcare
to anyone
Town and country service act
in
1946
this
cleared any bomb damage
and
rehomed the poorest people
Children act
in
1948
made
local services
set up
protection for children
Housing act
in
1949
was massive programme
which built new houses
Immigrants experiences
Whilst there are some examples of them being welcome there are also other that show they weren't
There working and daily life was effected by .....
Immigrants had to stay in Britain for
5 years
before they could
apply for council housing
Banks often
refused
to give immigrants
loans
Because their where
so many immigrants
they had been placed in
old bomb shelters
posed as ghettos
Other factors
Six white people
killed Kelso Kochraine in 1959
Notting hill riots
in
1958
carried out by
teddy boys
Response to racism by the government
1962
-
Commonwealth immigration act
which meant
only skilled workers
where allowed in Britain
1964
- they restricted immigration to
8,500 a year
1965-66
-
Race relations act
which made it
illegal to discriminate
on the grounds of race
1967
-
National front party
was formed (a
racist
group)
1968
-
Common wealth immigrants act
only
1,500
immigrants a year
Contributing of immigrants to Britain
Sybil Phoenix
was a immigrant who set up an
adoption group
and won an
MBE
In the NHS
1/3
doctors where
immigrants
Immigrants made British culture
very diverse
because of new Greek, Indian and Chinese
food
They also gave
new music, cinemas and dance
cinemas came form America where they had become a craze and music like
reggae and jazz
came with immigrants too
New
religions
like Hindu, muslim etc
Changes in the 1950's
Because of
prosperity
teenagers had
more money and leisure time
Teenagers began to:
Wear
different clothes
to their
parents
Spent more
time with friends
Go to watch
new movies
(at the time) in cinemas
Teenage protests
In the 1960's there where
many protests
across the
globe
about many things
In
1967
students at
London School of Economics
marched against the new appointment of the director as he worked in Zimbabwe which was a
white only country so he was believed to be a supporter
Sit ins
in Leicester and Essex because of crude qualifications which led to poverty
in
1968
There were
ant-Vietnam
protest outside the
American embassy in London
(
Grovsner square protests
)
HOWEVER
a poll showed that
86% of students found politics boring
and
80%
of students were
happy
with their treatment
The teenage rebels
The
1960's
bought
new attitudes
to
sex
and
traditional figures
The TV show
That was the week that was
challenged traditional values
and gave a
darker comedy about government etc
In
1966 John Lennon
upset many people by saying
'The Beetles are more popular than Jesus'
May bank holiday riots in 1964
where
mods and rockers
in Brighton etc had fights
Why immigrants came to Britain
From the Caribbean
Most immigrants came for
economic reasons
and because there was a
labour shortage they could find jobs
About
10,000 West Indian troops
served in the British
armed forces and stayed to work in Britain
People form the
Caribbean
where
supported to wor
k for things such as the
NHS, London transport etc.
(18,000 Indian doctors)
Unemployment in Jamaica and other islands
was a major problem as
hurricanes demolished Jamaica in 1944
destroying the tabbaco and sugar trade
the
empire wind Rush
arrived in
1948
and carried 900 people a trip
Asians from East-Africa
In
Uganda Idi Amin
kick out
50,000 immigrants
most of them came to Britain
Immigrants from India and Pakistan
The immigrants from India and Pakistan followed after
Indian independence in 1947-48
(from the British empire)
The first group where
Eurasians
- educated, middle class who had intermarried in births rule
Many Sikhs
fought for Britain
the war and had many
job opportunities
They left because of
violence
between different groups in
1947
because of
independence
The changes in roles of women form 1950-1975
Women in the 1950's
Work
Only
36% of women
had paid
employment
and only
26% of married women
(most working
for husband
)
Some lines of work where
completely done by men
(factories)
There was a
wage gap
between men and women
Personal life
On average women spent
8 hours a day
doing
housework
Contraception
was highly
unreliable
and
abortion was illegal
Unwanted marriages
where
hard to get out
for women
Changes in the late 1950's - 60's
The welfare state
- this had a
large impact on women
Women with
children
and
newborns
had
anxiety about health
but
NHS helped
Unemployment
was less feared because of
national insurance
Education act
helped
educate
children
Prosperity
- After the war
Britons economy
grew again giving
families more money
Technology
- this gave women
more free time
because of
washing machines etc
Work
- Women could
easily find work
if they wanted to because of the
labour shortage
Family planning
- in
1960's
the
pill
became
available on the NHS
Women's movement
Groups of activists
The six point group and the suffragettes
in the movement in
1970
they demanded 4 things:
Equal pay
Equal education and opportunities
24 hour nurseries
Free contraception and abortions
The main campaigns
Equal pay
In
1955
the government agreed to give women
equal pay
doing jobs paid by the
government
They finally achieved the
equal pay
act in
1970
but wasn't enforced until
1975
Despite this women
still earned less
Contraception
The NHS made the
pill
available in
1961
for family planning
Abortions
The movement also
campaigned
for
abortions
In the early
1960
's there where
200,000 illegal abortions
a year
1967
it became
legal
only if
2 doctors agreed
on it
Divorce
In
1969
the
divorce act
was passed
In
1970
the
matrimonial act
was passed giving women an
equal share in things built up during marriage
WOMEN
Immigration
Youth