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Labelling Theory (Primary and Secondary Deviance (Secondary Deviance - An…

- - - - In doing so, the media can create moral panics within society; which in turn leads to the creation of folk devils. Folk Devils occur when the deviant individual further isolates themselves and commits more deviant acts. This process is referred to as 'deviance amplification spiral'.
    - - The association with the British criminal justice system left many young people labelled as delinquent and limited the opportunities available to them. This led to the Kilbrandon Report (1964) which proposed radical change to the British juvenille system.
        
        In the past youths were brought before the court to determine their punishment. The Kilbrandon Report a aimed to "prevent future criminal actions by the treatment of all the factors, whether personal or environmental, likely to conduce to such actions by a person who, either because he has already offended or on some other evidence, has shown himself prone to delinquency." (Kilbrandon Report 1964, p.28)
        
        The Kilbrandon Report, influenced by labelling theory led to the creation of the Children's Hearing System in Scotland which aimed to refrain from labelling youth as deviant. The Children's Hearing is a panel group who determine the best interest of the child based on the evidence gathered by a Reporter of the case.
    - - However, this view, is not a recent finding as many scholars, such as Marc Mauer (1999), stated that White Americans have long viewed African Americans as criminals associating them with deviant behaviour. In addition, Randall Kennedy (1997) claims the association of African Americans and crime can be traced back to the enslavement period of Africans in America.
        
        As a result of these findings, labelling theory in America could be linked with Racial Profiling. This specific technique has been used in the past by American police which involves them targeting specific groups such as African Americans based on the stereotype of African Americans being predominately criminal.
        
        This specific technique used by police can result in moral panics. Moral panics is an situation where there is anxiety around a certain aspect of society often concerning moral values. In this specific case, around African Americans and the criminal threat created by police. In this instance, it led to the white population fearing the African American community. This placed pressure of criminal justice agencies to focus more on African American communities .
        
        This focus of African American communities can be associated with Aaron Cicourel's, negotiation of justice. Cicourel states this occurs when agents of social control, for example the Police, hold certain typification of those who commit crime, in this instance African Americans. This policy can lead to self-serving bias police officers who are more likely to patrol these specific areas where a higher concentration of these groups reside.
        
        This results in a higher arrest rate in these areas as officers are more focused on patrolling these areas which will only confirm the typification. #
- - - - After more incidents like this occurred the U.S. Department of Justice now keeps a database which records the number of fatal officer involved incidents due to skepticism around police accountability. #
    - - This brought about the creation of the Black Lives Matter Campaign.