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post world war period: two paths out of the crucible (cold war era: 1945…

- - - - werstern europe in no position to defend itself if ussr attacked
        
        in 1948, the marshall plan began, usa aid to rebuild the eocnomies of wurope
    - - nato forces were us forces, america paid for nato
    - - international monetary fund (IMF)
        
        if a country has more imports than exports how are they going to pay for all of the imports. lends government money under certain conditions to help pay for that
      - world bank
        
        h
      - general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT)
        
        meant to promote world wide production of tariffs which became WTO
      - world trade organization (WTO) adopted in early 1990s. included enforcement mechanism with judiacary body, which could declare countries in violation of world trade agreement and impose sanction
  - - - northern ireland was semi autonomyous. catholics were descriminated in housing, jobs, not a lot of violence UNTIL late 1960s
        
        there arose a civil disobediance movement among catholics, inspired by MLK JR. NI Gov responded with violence. some catholics decided to fight back
        
        in the early 1970's, britiain reasserted direct control from london, didnt do much better, resorted to pretty repressive control. communal violence for 25 years. 2000 people dead in 25 years.
        
        seen as a racial difference... celtic-irish vs anglo-irish
      - ethnic conflicts in spain
        
        catalonia has always been seperatist
        
        basques (andorra is basque) only pre celctic langauge spoken in western europe, very nationalist, reosrted to terrorism against spain in 1970s
  - - - 1945, labour party won overwhelmingly CLEMET ATLEE came to power: "cradle to the grave". no british citizen should suffer from poverty, everyone should be gaurtnteeed a decent standard of living.
      - universal healthcare was adopted everywhere
      - scandanavia, sweden leaving, went above and beyond. more comprehensive, expensive
    - - nationalized: mining, railroad, ship building, telelvision, radio, bank, airlines, healthcare,
  - - - when stalin died, kruchev took power... 1956
        
        during the great purge, many young men advanced through the ranks
    - - stalin imposed his economic model upon satellite countries, collecyivising agriculture, focus on heavy industry. YUGOSLAVIA FOLLOWED, without heavy focus on heavy industry
      - countries w/ special resources were required to produce this
    - - polit buro: highest body within communist party, theoretically policy making body of party... inner circle
      - theres a heigherarchy in the party and in the government.... party dictates policy, tells government what to do.
        
        premire (prime iminster) head of the government
    - - made a 3hr speech denouncing stalin, and began destalinization
        
        people released from gulag, critizism is allowed, discussion in party.... its called the spring thaw.
        
        no criticism of kruchev or the system
      - more humane... not more liberal or generous
        
        dont overblow these marginal reforms, didnt fix what stalin broke
        
        he wanted to normalize the relationship with USA, move away from conflict, and to coexistence
        
        khruushchev began to hate america bc U-2 incident, then the cuban missile crisis
        
        poit buro arrested krushchev for cuban missile crisis
        
        soviet vs us arms race
      - specialized in agriculture, didnt believe collectiviczation worked. let peassants make some decisions. some free market options. wanted to increase standard of living
      - let satellites make their own decisions. warsaw pact created. stalin didnt want anything where satellites were equal to ussr but kruchev did that
    - - breznhv doctrine: ussr had the right to intervene in any socialist country where socialism was threatened
      - fifth movement in 1980 poland, extensively moved to change stalinist economic policy, "union:" named solidary headed by Walenssa. unions werent supposed to exist bc this was tolitarian demanded better standard of living, massive demostration, wasnted democrfatic reform, polish party kept giving in until 1983, when USSr amassed troops on polish boarder. instituted martial law, arrested thousands, sent to gulag
    - - the polish communist party in 1954 chose a general secretary who demanded soviet troops in poland removed
      - moved hungarian communist party in a great way. in direction of democracy. krushchev invavded hungary, the opeople rose, but were repressed and removed democratic leaders
- - - - the EUROPEAN UNION
        
        EU/EURO ZONE/ SCHENGHEN ZONE all have different boundaries. there is an eu parliament, and executive branch, established on a series of treaties that have built closer and closer. britian always reluctant until inner 6 had amazing economic growth. inner 6: treaty of rome, 1957. by 1965, brit applied for membership, france vetoed, reapplied in 1973. with scheghen zone & law harmonization, common curtesoy, brit dragged their feet, not in scheghen zone, euro zone. free trade would lead to free economic growth
        
        inner six: germany, france, italy, benelux
        
        after 1990-2010 most of europe
    - - capitalist and democacry reforms began in 1988. multinational state. 2nd in the bloc to reform , after freedoms like speech were given , disintegration bega n
        
        1991, slovenia (nationality w own language) created
        
        macedonia in 1994
        
        montenegro 2008
        
        croatia, bosnia in 1992
        
        bosnia had civil war [Bosnian War]
        
        russia worked with west from 1989 on
        
        in conjunction with 1994 rwandan genocide war crimes tribunal was stablished
        
        reserrection of nuremburg idea. president of serbia was arrested and tried in 2001, died before trial completed
        
        we need a permanent International Criminal Court , established 2001
        
        croatia and serbia had a war
        
        kosovo
        
        a region, ethnically albania, in southern republic of serbia, islamic, problems began in late 80's, when yugoslavia moved towards dem/cap reforms, one of the first seperatist movements, serbia was very repressive. after bosnian war, problems erupted again, serbia committed lots of civil rights abuses, UN took action, USA took control. Clinton ordered bombing of military bases AND capital, president was revolted against, milosevic(hhh)
        
        kosovo declared independance in 2008
        
        chechnya
        
        a russian subdivision, mostly islamic, seperatist movement, as did other parts of russian republic
        
        in 1991, declared independance. by 1994, boris yelstin wanted chechyna back, it was basically defacto independance. russia invaded in 94. russia withfrew after ceasefire
        
        reinvaded in 1999, asserted control, took over, installed own government
        
        muja hadiin (holy warriors) went to chechnya. many acts of terrorism chechen in russia
    - - w/ the rise of nationalism, plagued w/ minority problem. in north they speak flemish dutch, in south they speak waluoon french, in control of gov. northern belgium there was a flemish seperatist movement.
  - - - there was hyperinflation. unemployment in government supported business
        
        attempted coup against gorby in 1991 (failed)
    - - bc this, ussr dissolved
      - after the coup, they began to declare independance.. lithuania tried prior, all russian states declared independance including RUSSIAN REPULICAN (different than ussr)
        
        russia got most of the nuclear weapons, military, and espoionage
        
        the west assisted in this bc it eould be more stable to have one country
      - capitialism was not a cause of the collapse
    - - 1986-> "glasnost" or openness, he became General Secretary of USSR in 1985. people stopped getting arrested for criticizing government and making political parties. reigned in secret police. never declared freedoms but they happened.
      - boris yeltsin was first elected mayor of st petersburg, in 1989 first elected president of russian republic
      - called for new election of legistlator. 1/3 of seats for communist party buut 2/3 were freely elected 1989
      - loosened gov control on small business & farmers. by 1980s, a ll business was private, most of the shares were given to everyone but slowly became plutocracy.
      - perestrokia is restructuring, glastnost is part of this.
        
        gorby unleashed forces he couldnt control. he wanted socialism with a human face.
- - - - british fought uprising 1951-1957
- - - - main existentials: camus et sarte
      - very depressing, loss of meaning
        
        alienation
    - - took off in 1970s
      - scholars: view that you cant know the truth bc language may not reflect the truth
        
        water (langauge) distorts pebbles (truth)
      - rejects reason, we cant look at reality, just how we frame our beliefs.
        
        rejection of whole enlightenment intellectual tradition. post enlightenment.
        
        rejection of industrialization
        
        20th century romanisim based in pessimesiicm
- - - - in western europe the pay gap signigiant ly closed
  - - - in 1978, became british prime minister
- - - - radical marxism returned due to economy.
        
        lots of marxism in germany university, lots of peer pressure and bullying people into silence if ideas dont agree
- - - - unions were v powerful, and very close to labour party, had immense impact. labour & conservative alternated back and forth post ww2
      - unions frequently conducted strikes (in 60s), undermined country production, paralyzed london.
        
        defang unions
        
        put limitations on right to strike. changed leadership
      - denationalized industries, undid all of the Labour parties. socialists retreated.
      - "where free market is possible, it is better than government intervention"