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Thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal (Thyroid (Anatomy (Blood supply to…

- - - - Two main arterial supply: superior and inferior thyroid artery
        
        Superior thyroid artery derives: external carotid artery
        
        Inferior thyroid artery derives: thyrocervical trunk (branch of subclavian artery)
    - - Mainly receives innervation from autonomic nervous system
        
        Parasympathetic from branches Vagus nerve
        
        Sympathetic: cervical chain ganglion
        
        Effect of innervation on blood vessels - perfusion of thyroid
    - - Drained by superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins
        
        Superior and middle thyroid veins drain ton internal jugular vein
        
        Inferior thyroid veins anastomose with each other and drain into left brachiocephalic vein
  - - - Na+/I- symporters transport iodide ion for every sodium ion across plasma membrane
        
        Iodide converted to iodine by thyroid peroxidase in colloid of follicle
        
        2 I- converted to one I2 molecule (more reactive)
        
        Iodine added to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin molecules in colloid
        
        One iodine added: MIT: Two iodine added: DIT
        
        Coupling reaction then follows DIT + MIT= T3 and DIT + DIT= T4
        
        T3 and T4 still attached to thyroglobulin
        
        Arrival of TSH
        
        TSH binds to TSH receptor follicular cell, endocytosis of thyroglobulin stimulated. From colloid into follicular cell
        
        Lysosomal enzymes cleave off thyroid hormones from thyroglobulin
        
        T3 and T4 diffuse out from cell and into bloodstream
- - - - CRH - ACTH - Cortisol
  - - - Stimulates sodium reuptake: increase blood pressure
        
        Decrease K +, Increase H2O
      - Renin cleaves angiotensinogen
        Angiotensin 1 - angiotensin 2 via ACE
        
        ACTH + ANG 2 stimulate aldosterone
        
        and..Low BP and low Na+
        
        High K+ aswell
  - - - Promotes breakdown glycogen - glucose
        
        Lactate to glcuose
        
        Lipolysis
        
        Increase cardiac muscle contraction