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carbohydrates (Glycoprotein (Polypeptides link to sugar by (O-linkage with…

- - - - O-linked glycoproteins found in mucin and cell surface glycoproteins
      - function
        
        Help to keep the protein extended
        
        stabilizes the extended protein chain. prevent the chain from folding back on its self
        
        Help keep globular head extended
    - - types
        
        complex
        
        hybrid
        
        Mannose- rich
      - function
        
        Sorting of glycoproteins
        
        mannose-6-phosphate targets glycoproteins to be transported to lysosomes
        
        Protein folding and stabilization
        
        glycosylation of erythropoietin hormone is required for it to function
        
        Cell surface recognition
        
        markers in cell membrane
  - - - ER
        
        N-glycosylation
      - Golgi
        
        O-glycosylation and N-glycosylation
- - - - Glycosaminoglycan
        
        repeating disaccharide
        
        amino sugar with sulfate or carboxylate side group
  - - - linked to hyaluronic acid backbone
      - Negatively charged
      - strong interaction with water molecules provide flexibility and shock resistance
      - repulsion prevent them from being pushed close together
    - - Bind to extracellular matrix for cell adhesion
      - Increase local concentration of growth factors
- - - - amylose
        
        glucose-α-1,4 linkages
        
        Form helical structures due to α configuration of glycosidic bonds
      - amylopectin
        
        glucose-α-1,4 linkages (linear) and glucose-α-1,6 linkages (branched)
      - Starch branches every 12-30
    - - glucose-α-1,4 linkages and glucose-α-1,6 linkages
      - Glycogen branches every 8-12
  - - - β-1,4 glycosidic bonds
        
        Each glucose is flipped 180 degree relative to each other
      - able to form extended linear chains
      - organized into sheets of hydrogen bonds
      - Cellulose digested by β-glycosidases
    - - Polysaccharides linked to peptides
        
        Polysaccharide + peptide + cross link
        
        Polysaccharide
        
        NAG = N-acetyl-glucosamine
        NAM = N-acetyl-muramic acid
        
        peptide
        
        (L) Ala – isoglutamate – (L) lys – (D)Ala
        
        Cross link
        
        direct (gram negative)
        
        Attached from the (L) lys of 1st peptide to the (D) Ala on the 2nd peptide
        
        indirect (gram positive)
        
        Attached from the (L) lys of 1st peptide to the (D) Ala on the 2nd peptide with pentaglycine (5 glycines) in between
        
        crosslinking of peptidoglycan confers structural rigidity
      - Gram positive
        
        Single layer of peptidoglycan over lipid bilayer
      - Gram negative
        
        Lipid bilayer sandwiched a layer of peptidoglycan