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Problem Solving and Intelligence (Problem Solving (Initial state—the…
Problem Solving and Intelligence
Intelligence is not the same as having a
specialized skil
Problem Solving
is a process in which one begins by deciding on a goal and seeks steps that will lead to that goal
problem space is too vast to explore
Problem Solving
Initial state—the knowledge and
resources you have at the outset
Goal state—the state you are working
toward
Operators —available tools or actions
Path constraints—limits that rule out
some operations
Means End Analysis
Can the current state be made more similar
to the goal state, using available operators?
This leads to subproblems, each with its own
goal
Mental imagery can also help with the problem solving like the bookworm problem
Expert problem solvers use analogies in order to be more time savvy
Comprehending the deep structure
(understanding) allows the expert to focus more on broad strategies without getting bogged down in the details.
Problems can be broken up into subproblems
In a well-defined problem, the goal state
as well as the available operators are clearly specified
In an ill-defined problem, the goal state
and the available operators are not clearly specified
Functional fixedness refers to a
tendency to be rigid in thinking about an object’s function
Problem set is like a heuristic
Helps to reduce options and may also eliminate possible solutions
Creative thoughts four stages
Preparation—information gathering, Incubation—conscious break, Illumination—insight emerges, Verification—the details worked out to solve
problem
Test Retest reliability
Very high (around .70 or .80)—but not perfect, Scores can change due to such as Measurement error and Environmental changes during crucial periods of
development (for example, teenage years)
Fluid intelligence
The ability to deal with new and unusual
problems
Crystallized Intelligence
Acquired knowledge, including your verbal
knowledge and your experience