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Acadians (Post-Deportation (RCC (Acquisition of language, religious,…
Acadians
Post-Deportation
Reconstruction
Land had been given to Anglo-Protestant settlers from New England and Europe. Nova Scotia gave Acadians permission to settle in specific parts of New Brunswick and non-agricultural parts of Nova Scotia. First 2/3rds of 1800 spent on reconstructing Acadian communities.
Between 1764-1910 more than 2000 Acadians return - either deportees or children/grandchildren of deportees.
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RCC
Acquisition of language, religious, political and education rights took a long time - dismantling policies and laws against non-Protestants and non-British settlers. Needed institutions like the church to support growing population
French Revolution - priests settled in Quebec and Maritimes. Sent petitions to colonial governments to bring priests to their community.
1790-1840 - priests built churches, brought nuns to found convents, found schools and serve as community leaders. From 1850s onwards, Maritime Catholic Church developed similarly to Quebec
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Education
Wanted to open French-language educational institutions but encountered resistance. Secondary and post-secondary schools were central to Acadian development. School laws restricting or prohibiting French in public schools or Catholicism from public schools.
Discriminatory laws were in place until 1960s in New Brunswick and 1980s in other Atlantic provinces. Acadian schools received less funding.
Acadian Resistance
Minority but large enough to trigger cultural and political movement (1880). Created an Acadian National Convention in 1881 to discuss the survival of Acadian people. Agreed Acadian people must become a nation. Work on economy, agriculture, literature, newspapers, national church and symbols
Pressure of RCC to elect an Acadian Bishop. 1912 Bishop Alfred Edouard LeBlanc was elected. Catholic Church became the Acadian National Church in the Maritimes
Acadianization
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French-language was hard to come by before the 1980s in the Maritimes. Acadians anglicized as they advanced their education making it hard to study French at the university level. Acadians in NB fared much better in terms of language rights. 50% assimilation rate per generation and high intermarriage rate
Immigration
Redefined Acadian Identity and created a place for Francophones from all ethnic backgrounds. 9/10 Acadians and Francophones were born in the province (NB). Acadian community in NB remains well rooted and has a strong sense of identity
Acadian leaders actively discussed ways to integrate Francophone newcomers within Acadian identity especially with visible minorities. Belief they should be Acadians. Acadians in NB widely separated from their identity of Catholic Church - linked religion and ethnicity
Officially recognized any French-speaking immigrant as Neo-Acadian without any regard to colour, ethnicity or religion
Who are they?
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Descended from about 900 French speaking families who settled in present-day Nova Scotia between 1631-1710. Speak a different dialect than French Canadians. Live mainly in Atlantic provinces but can be found in Eastern Quebec and Northern Maine.
Generally good relations with Mi'kmaq because they did not settle where the Mi'kmaq lived. Traded equally with Mi'kmaq, New England and French merchants.
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Religion
Few French-Speaking priests in Acadia after 1713. French colonizers were more interested in fur trade. Priests spent more time with Mi'kmaq than Acadians from 1670-1710. Acadians were lucky to see a priest once in their lives thus if they did identify as Catholic they were not devout and didn't follow the edicts of Rome.
War
Acadian Deportation
New France and New England went to war (1755) 2 years before France and UK did. British colonial authorities feared Acadians and went through Nova Scotia/New Brunswick/PEI and confiscated land and livestock. Put on boats sailing to America. 8000 Acadians deported and 1/3 didn't survive the trip.
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In America - Maryland and Pennsylvania were more generous and took Acadians as indentured servants. Virginia didn't let them off the boat. Spent the winter on the ships and deported them to England where they were locked up in prison camps.
British Control
Acadians declared themselves neutral. Refused to swear an oath to the UK. Nova Scotia saw them as French and potentially dangerous. Acadians didn't consider themselves French
1713 France gave Nova Scotia (Acadia at the time) to Britain. Britain believed this included New Brunswick. Hostilities - led to Seven Year's War between France and Britain. Relations with British authorities were not awesome.