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Challenges of cold environments (Glacial (Hazards (Glacial outburst floods…
Challenges of cold environments
Glacial
Tourism
Tourism industry has grown a lot in recent decades causing economic growth to mountain regions.
Features include Pyramidal peaks, arêtes, cirques and hanging valleys
Glaciers still shaping high altitude land such as the Alps
Rugged Environment provides opportunities for hill walking, climbing, mountaineering and skiing
Colorado began as a silver mining settlement in the 19th century but has become one of the biggest ski resorts in the world since 1960
Human impact damages the
Steep slopes
Avalanches cause about 200 deaths per year
Infrastructure
Hazards
Avalanches/ mass movement
Glacial outburst floods (GLOFs)
Jokulhlaups
Alluviones
Management strategies
Periglacial
Ground subsidence / frost heave
Management strategies
Utilidors
Aggregate pads
Infrastructure has to be continually maintained
Bridges often damaged by frost heave (middle piles into unfrozen sediments in streams, whereas outer ones are in the active layer on banks
Conventional construction methods cannot be used as these alter the thermal balance of the ground, leading to permafrost thaw and subsidence
These hinder economic development