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Word Recognition (Spoken word (The Invariance problem: phonemes shaped by…

- - - - give too much agency to baby? #notthatdeepbro ?
  - - - Stress: Cutler: by exaggerating or accentuating the first syllable of each word speech can be separated and made sense of!
        
        e.g. "conduct ascents uphill" heard as "the doctor sends the bill" if the 2nd syllable is stressed (which is why we stress the 1st one!
      - Possible word-constraints: Norris: impossible/ non-words rejected - can separate speech using knowledge of what are and are not real words!
  - - - Phoneme restoration effect Warren: phoneme replaced with a cough is hard to identify - showing that our brain can compensate for this and 'fill in the blanks'
        
        "the eel was on the orange" / "the eel was on the shoe" : peel v heel
      - background/irrelevant noise can actually help us to focus on one source & can make speech more intelligible!
- - - - Homophones: words with multiple meanings/ same pronunciation as a different word e.g. 'night' and 'knight'
        
        Orden: more difficult/slower to recognise semantic features of a homophone e.g. harder to determine if "Rows" is a flower because inner monologue pronounces it "rose"
    - - phonological neighbourhoods: similar words differ by one phenome: the bigger the 'neighbourhood' the better in terms of recognition
      - Priming e.g. reading 'klip' will prime 'clip'
- - - - Ganong effect: phoneme which could be 'k' or 'g': in 'at would be perceived as 'k' bc 'cat' real and 'gat' not.
  - - - words can be recognised/picked from cohort before uniqueness point, if the context supports only one candidate
    - - Zwitserlood: semantic priming showed both 'captain' and 'capital' activated by "cap" prompt: semantically priming 'ship' and 'money'