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RESPIRATION (Types of Breathing & Lung Ventilation (• Hyperpnea, •…

- - - - Adaptations to maximize rate of
        diffusion
        
        • Circulate water across outer surface
        
        • Thin cell or tissue layers
    - - Cannot be large in size
      - Cannot be involved in energy consuming activities
    - - Phyla Annelida
        : cutaneous (skin) respiration
        
        Adaptations to maximize rate of
        diffusion
        
        • Use cilia on skin to move water
        
        • Thin skin
        
        • Increased surface area
      - Lungless salamander (Plethodontidae)
      - Lungless Caecilian (Atretochoana eiselti)
      - *Bornean Flat-headed Frog (Barbourula kalimantanensis)
  - - - Arachnid (Spiders and scorpions)
        
        Hemolymph filled stakes of lamellae
        
        Exchange of respiratory gasses occur with the heamolymph
        
        run out of oxygen quickly (move only in short burst)
    - - Internal gills
        
        Chordata (Bony fish [Class Osteichthyes] )
        
        Features
        
        Made up of gill filaments that contain rich capillary network (maximizes gradient for oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion)
        
        moist
        
        thin structures
        
        Buccal cavity & Opercular cavity act together to draw water across surface of gills
        
        Adaptation to maximize the rate of
        diffusion between respiratory gasses
        
        Thin gills
        
        Increase surface area of gill with feather-like arrangement
        
        Constantly ‘pump’ water across gills with buccal and opercular cavities
        
        Uses counter-current system in gills to increase DP
        
        LIMITATIONS
        
        Gills very efficient in water but do not work on land
        
        Gills lack support needed in less-buoyant air; gill filaments collapse
        
        Air is relatively dry and all respiratory surfaces must be moist
        
        Gills have large surface area exposed to dry air
      - External gill
        
        TYPES OF ANIMALS
        
        Phylum Chordata
        
        Larval fish
        
        Amphibians, Eg: Neotenic salamander
        
        Adaptations to maximize rate of diffusion?
        
        thin gills
        
        Increase surface area with feather-like arrangement of gills
        
        Skin as additional respiratory surface
        
        Limitations
        
        Must be in constant motion or in water current
        
        Tissue delicate and cannot be protected
        
        Relatively small body size
    - - Arthropods
        
        Tracheal tubes open to outside at spiracles
        
        Passes through branching network of tracheal tubes & terminates in fluid filled tracheoles
        
        Gases exchange between fluid of tracheoles & body cells
        
        Supports high metabolic rate
    - - Supplimentary site for respiratory gas exchange
      - Gulp in air from the water surface & trap
        the air inside the labyrinth organ where diffusion takes place
      - Fish that live in very low oxygenated water
    - - Eg:
        
        Terrestrial vertebrates
        
        to extract oxygen
        from atmostpheric air
        
        Air is forced to pass through
        
        creating -ve pressure inside the chess cavity
        
        creating +ve pressure inside the mouth cavity
        
        PROCESS
        
        Transportation of gases
        
        Blood.
        
        Internal Respiration
        
        TIssue cells & the blood
        
        External respiration
        
        Lungs & the blood
        
        Cellular respiration
        
        Tissue cells
        
        Pulmonary ventilation
        
        Exhale
        
        Inhale
        
        diaphragm contracts,
        
        increasing the size of the chest
        cavity
        
        rib cage rises
        
        Create NEGATIVE
        PRESSURE BREATHING.
        
        Breathing control
        
        Medulla oblongata monitors carbon dioxide in
        the blood
        
        Carotid body in the carotid arteries also have
        receptors that will be activated in respond to a
        drop in O2
        
        ANIMALS
        
        Mammals
        
        Presence of elaborate network of thin air sacs
        
        Amphibians (frogs and toad)
        
        Connective tissues ridges inside lungs
        
        x diaphragm
        
        Reptiles
        
        not very efficient (x Diaphragm )
        
        Sea turtle
        
        Birds
        
        Associated air-sac system known as
        ‘aerodynamical valving’
        
        Air sacs that allow unidirectional flow
        
        Numerous thin-walled tubes within lungs, parabronchi
        
        FRESH AIR -> TRACHEA -> POSTERIOR AIR SACS -> PARABRONCHI -> ANTERIOR AIR SACS -> TRACHEA
        
        Bidirectional in mesobronchus, Unidirectional in parabronchi.
      - Alveoli features
        
        Lot of tiny blood vessels called capillaries
        
        thin walls
        
        moist
        
        diffusion
        
        big surface area