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Chemical kinetics (Rate of reaction (Experimental method to measure rate…

- - - - Spectrophotometer
- - - - Dependent on temperature and activation energy
    - - 0
        
        Rate is independent of the concentration of reactants.
        
        A graph of concentration against time for a zero order reaction produces a straight line.
      - 1
        
        Doubling the concentration of reactant doubles the rate of reaction
      - 2
        
        Doubling the concentration of reactant quadruples the rate of reaction
      - The overall order of a reaction is the sum of the orders of reaction.
- - - - For reactions involving gasses, an increase in pressure (particles are closer together) will increase the reaction rate (collision frequency increases), as pressure is directly proportional to concentration.
    - - In a solid substances only the particles on the surface can come into contact with a surrounding reactant. If the solid is in powdered form then the surface area increases dramatically and the rate increases correspondingly.
    - - Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
      - Increasing the temperature, particles gain kinetic energy and thus, increases the frequency of collision but, more important is the increase in the proportion of molecules.
    - - Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
      - Properties
        
        The efficiency of a catalyst decreases with time as it becomes inactive due to impurities in the reaction mixture, side reactions, or if its surface becomes coated and unavailable for activity.
        
        Provide an alternative pathway for the reaction with a lower activation energy
        
        Catalysts increase the rate of reaction without themselves being used up in the reaction
    - - The more concentrated the reactant the more collisions there will be per second per unit time (collision frequency increases). As the reactants get used up, their concentration decreases.
- - - - Take into account of the collision theory
      - Orientation