In Tess, The class structures and social attitudes of Tess’s world: her poverty, the need to work to survive and her sense of shame keep her moving from place to place, driving her towards her tragic end, The patriarchal society she exists in, The actions of Tess (she rejects conventional behaviour), Fate and the Gods: Hardy manipulates fate and chance to play an exaggerated role in the majority of the tragic events & implies the God’s toy with Tess and Social Darwinism.