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The Cold war (Eisenhower and Cold war policies under Eisenhower (Covert…
The Cold war
Eisenhower and Cold war policies under Eisenhower
Fiscally conservative, promises liberation over containment
containment policy based off of NSC 68: Stop communism either militarily, or politically, and support non-communist govt's
The New Look Policy
: covert ops, strengthening alliances, and negotiation
Under the new look there will be: More nuclear weapons to be used as a first resort, not last. Fewer conventional weapons, to cut army personnel and lower taxes. Reduced army spending by 1/3rd as nukes were cheaper
John Foster Dulles: Liberation (Bad cop), brinkmanship, massive retaliation. Eisenhower: Peace (good cop)
Covert Ops
Allan Dulles is director of CIA, also brother to John Foster Dulles.
there was no congressional oversight to covert ops. this got things done faster
Operation Mockingbird
control over media in the US. This was meant to support overseas operations, not always true information, and infiltrate US media to control them
Operation MK Ultra
Operation Ajax
(Mossadegh and Iran 1956)
Mossadegh (Nationalist) had nationalized BP oil in 1951, later removed in 1953 and replaced in 1953 by Mohammed Reeza Pahlavi
Operation PBSuccess
(Guatemala 1954)
Jacobo Arbenz - elected in 1951 (Nationalist, not communist). introduced land reforms for peasants (Guatemalan) and legalized the communist party.
The united fruit company would loose profit and control due to land reforms
Arbenz is replaced by Carlos Catillo Armas. US used psychological campaigns to assist Carlo's army, convinced the Guatemalan people that a coup had already happened and that Carlos was the new leader. People accepted this
Carlos used social and political repression, banned all political parties, was anti-communist, and US could maintain economic control over Guatemala.
Results
Lead people towards communism, started a civil war that lasted 40 years, and 200,000 dead, and increased anti US sentiment in Latin america.
UNDER EISENHOWER THERE IS DIFFICULTY DETERMINING BETWEEN NATIONALISM AND COMMUNISM
Alliances
incerease chances for war. attack 1 attack all
can decrease chance of war due to massive retaliation
NATO, Greece and Turkey join, and west Germany in 1955.
USSR react with the Warsaw Pact
SEATO- US, UK, France, Aus,NZ, Thailand, Philippines, Pakistan
US: join for containment, France: Colonies, AUS/NZ: Location, Thailand: China, Ph: US ties
Sino-American mutual defense treaty 1954 with Taiwan
the Eisenhower doctrine 1957
. After the Suez Crisis there was a power vacuum in the Middle East (ME)
Similar to the Truman doctrine but includes the ME and will protect a country from communism.
Aimed at Nasser and USSR
US intervened in Lebanon in 1958 and ruined all good relations with the ME
South East Asia
Dien Bien Phu was a french colony in Vietnam 1954
decolonization was becoming normal
French were out of Vietnam and the US didn't intervene
US did not sign the Geneva accords.
Elections were to be held in Vietnam, but they were not due to the domino theory
no independent Vietnam, divided at the 17th parallel, the US creates an anti-communist gov't
Negotiations
Diplomacy was necessary, this was a change from the Truman administration
Geneva 1954, Future of Vietnam, and Dulles meets Zhou Enlai
Geneva 1955. Eisenhower, Khru, and Faure
Open Skies- Free aerial recon of arms sites. US knew USSR had to say no
no agreement on German reunification
Nixon visits USSR 1959
Khru. visits US
U-2 incident
US worried about USSR catching up in the arms race.
US worried about bomb gap and delivery systems
in 1957 USSR launched Sputnik and first ICBM
other issues: people leaving Eberlin to Wberlin, Fidel Castro overthrows Batista in Cuba
A summit between Eisen. and Khru. in pairs was arranged
The a U-2 spy plane was shot down over the USSR
This causes a breakdown of relations between US and USSR. Khru. will be able to use this to take a harder stance with the US
analysis
Positives
Ended Korean war
8 years of relative peace
Opened dialogue with US and USSR
revisionists:
"Hidden Hand presidency"-Greenstein
did more that actually known to the public, more involved than previously known
reduced defense spending- 13% of GDP- 9% of GDP
Negatives
Extended Cold war to developing nations
Failed to determine between nationalism and communism
Negations were mixed as they ruined future negations, but also tried to establish arms control
Failed to control/stop military industrial complex
Iran, Vietnam haunts future presidents
Sino-Soviet Split
China expanded into Tibet, 1950-51
Chinese involvement in Korea
recognition issues: PRC and ROC
Mao supported Stalin and Stalinist model, but by 1950, Mao started to look for new ideas
was not a member of the Warsaw Pact
Mao was anti-colonial and wanted Chinese independence, and did not want to be controlled by Moscow
Peaceful coexistence went against Marxist Philosophy of all out war against capitalism, and Mao had already fought against the Americans in the Korean War.
Border disputes between Soviets and China.
by 1958 Mao launches the Great leap forward as a response to Destalinization in an effort to image a Stalin type rule
Final Straws with the Soviets
Khru.s first visit to the US
USSR publically said that it wont't support Chinese nuclear development
Mao openly criticized Khru.'s policies and calls Soviets "Marxist Revisionists"
USSR formally cuts aid to china, 1960. In 1964 China successfully tests nuclear weapons.
Conclusions
China committed to policies until 1970's when Mao dies.
Economic needs require a strong trading partner. USSR needs US, US needs China (for Vietnam)
in the 1970's the US and USSR had better relations than china and the USSR
Detente
origins
US needs
Vietnam- Peace with honour
economic- Vietnam costly, trade deficit, arms spending, and oil embargo
credibility issues with Vietnam- watergate
USSR needs
Sino soviet split wrecked USSR. needs trade partner
economic issues- low crop yields, arms spending, lacked consumer goods
credibility over Prague Spring
social- Brez. retracted liberal reforms
China needs
Sino-soviet split, border war, diplomatically isolated
economic- trade decreased due to cultural revolution
legitimacy- wants recognition by west
European needs- wanted to control themselves
rapprochement with East and West leaders
real politik over ideology. PRC bipolar view would no longer exist: china is legit, PRC had nuke, Sino soviet split border war.
Triangular diplomacy. Rapprochement with USSR and China
put pressure on Hanoi, and help USSR with trade, If USSR not willing to work, then China would
trade with China, put pressure on Hanoi, recognize China. Wants to have USSR and China dependent for leverage
1971, Ping pong diplomacy
1972 Nixon visits China, US officially recognizes China, resumed trade relations, PRC joins UN security council.
US and USSR, Moscow summit 1972, space/trade agreements, Strategic arms limitations treaty (SALT)
Anti ballistic missile agreement, encourage first strike. Limited to 2 systems with 100 ABM's each. This support Mutually assured Destruction (MAD)
interm treaty (5 years long) limits on ICBMs and SLBM's. No discussion of MIRV's
European relations
Willy Brandt elected chancellor of West Germany. He was moderate and wanted rapprochement with East Germany.
Ost politik. WG recognized EG, and both are admitted to UN
Helsinki agreement agree on boundaries
all countries recognized eastern europe
trade across Iron Curtain
Concessions from USSR involving Human rights
Around the World
Covert ops kills Allende, Installs Agusto Pinochet
South america 1970 Chile elected Salvador allende
Africa 1975 Angola
Middle East 1973, Egypt and Syria attack Israel
Positives- super power stabilization, Renewed, recognition
Negatives- Helsinki USSR, human rights, didn't happen. Sino soviet split still there, SALT 2 never signed, temporary
Cuban Missile Crisis 1962
Bay of pigs in 1961
involved using Cuban exiles to invade and overthrow Castro
JFK authorized bay of pigs, but only offered limited air support
April 14-15 1500 exiles landed in Cuba, 100 are killed the rest are imprisoned. Kennedy had to public ally apologize. and pay 53 mill in medicine and baby food
Origins (causes)
June 1961 Vienna summit with Khru. only weeks after bay of pigs. Khru thought Kennedy was weak and tried to pressure him for Berlin and IMCBM missiles in Italy and Turkey.
August 13th 1961, Berlin wall is built, and a tank standoff at the wall in october.
after the bay of pigs invasion
full embargo
Cuba expelled from OAS (organisation of American state)
Cuban exiles launched raids against Cuba
operation Mongoose:33 total attempts on Castro's life
Castro goes to USSR for protection
Khru authorities missiles to cuba
Why put missiles in Cuba?
(Causes)
Bargaining tool about missiles in Turkey and Italy, close missile gap, the mid range missiles become long range missiles.
American discovery October 13th 1962. Missiles can hit every US target except for Seattle, were the missiles operational, and 20 Russian ships were on their way to Cuba with potentially more missiles.
McNamara said that the missiles did not change the balance, but it violated the Monroe doctrine, closed the missile gap, threat to national security,and
mid term elections were 1 month away
didn't want to look soft on communism
Kennedy's options
(Impact)
Surgical airstrike to get rid of missiles.
positives
quick and effective
negtives
retaliation
could they get all the missiles, what if they were operational
act of immorality
Invasion
positives
gets rid of missiles, and castro
negatives
retaliation by USSR, either protection of Cuba, or attack wberlin, and cant guarantee speed of destruction of missiles
diplomacy through UN
No soviet ship would ever enter Cuba with out US inspection
positives
shows US determination, might not lead to war
puts burdens on khru
allows flexible response
negatives
missiles are still in cuba
missiles could be operational
soviet reaction, blockade on Berlin
Kennedy's decision
blockade and diplomatic pressure on UN
US forces placed on high alert
Khru turns ships around
Oct 26th Kennedy receives a secret telegram offering a deal
missiles removed from Cuba if us promises not to invade Cuba ever. The same day a u-2 was shot down over Cuba and pilot was killed, Kennedy does not attack
Oct 27th Kennedy receives second telegram saying removal of missiles in turkey and Italy will have removal of missiles in Cuba
Kennedy accepts the first telegram and ignores the second one
a secret deal was made to remove missiles from Turkey and Italy, missiles were already to be scheduled for removal anyways due to them being out dated.
Consequences for Kennedy
(Significance)
positives
foreign policy success
flexible response worked
held against the Joint chefs of staff
US still ahead of USSR in terms of weapons
negatives
Castro is secure in power
blockade violates international law
political motives (mid terms)
Flexible response worked (not in Vietnam) which created a false sense of security
could have made the world more dangerous
Consequences for Khru.
(Significance)
positives
secured communism in Cuba
got us to remove missiles in turkey
negatives
humiliation for amry
idea was reckless given history with Cuba
Looked weak to politburo
Mao criticized khru for backing down
consequences for Cuba
(Significance)
anger at Khru at first, Us continued covert ops in Cuba, Castro more dependent on USSR for aid, Cuba only Latin american leader to stand up to US and succeed.
Cuba supported communist revolutions in other parts of the world, angola, nicragua, grenada
Castro becomes president of non-alignment movement in 1979
consequences for cold war in the future
(Significance)
both Kennedy and Khru showed restraint, better communication would be needed (set up hotline to USSR with the red phone)
nuclear test ban 1963- can only test under ground
Established detente of the 70s
nuclear non proliferation treaty of 1968, not share nuclear tech with non nuclear countries
Europe 1945-49
Diplomatic breakdown 1945-46
Feb 9th 1946- Stalin gives anti-capitalist speech
Feb 22nd 1946- George Kennan and the Long Telegram. Claims the soviets were: expansionary, would remake Europe into a Stalinist style governments, Soviets were hostile towards west, but respected force.
March 5th 1946- Churchill's Iron Curtain speech. Stalin had gained control of Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, and Albania through salami tactics.
Soviet army was in these areas, Eastern European communist leaders create a "National front" coalition government in these countries. Leaders would slowly take over important positions and slowly purge the democratic government and bring about a communist gov't
National Front governments (NFG) abolished monarchies in Romania and Bulgaria, and nationalized industry. Once the soviets were in control they abolished the NFG. They closed churches, controlled media, and abolished workers unions
Stalin believed his actions were legitimate because of spheres of influence. US not happy about no free elections.
the Novikov Telegram Sep 1946
said the following: US wanted world supremacy, and were economic imperialists, US was keeping a peace tie army, and were opportunists regarding WW1.
By the end of 1946 each side saw each others actions as aggressive where as each side saw their own as defensive
Truman doctrine 1947
In Greece the Nazi's were out and there was s civil war between Royalists and communists. UK pledged support to Royalists, and USSR gives indirect aid to the communists.
by 1947 British were done with Greece because the support there would not allow for NHS funding. Because the UK was out the US stepped in. This was a massive tuning point in Us foreign policy.
European recovery program (Marshall Plan) 1948
Marshall aid could prevent the rise of communism in war torn Europe. Marshall aid could start trade with Germany
Marshall aid was available to every country, including communist countries, but they needed to release economic records, and agree to free trade measures
Soviets called this "Dollar Imperialism" and then created cominform ( Intelligence sharing with satellite states) and comecon (Soviet economic program)
UK/France/US sectors of Germany and Berlin to rebuild
Soviets were not told about this
New currency backed by the US in West Germany and West Berlin.
Initially 4 billion USD was asked for by congress.
CZ Crisis. May 1948 elections held. Czech communists staged a government take over before elections and established a communist government
as a result of this US government pledged 17B guaranteed over 4 years
Marshal aid intensified East/West division, links to the creation of NATO, and causes the Berlin Airlift
Berlin Airlift, 1948-49
In reaction to the new currency Stalin uses the Red Army to block all access into West Berlin in hopes that the West would give up on West Berlin
If Truman did nothing then he would appear as weak to the Republicans, and that West Berlin was dependent on the US.
The US wanted to have an armed convoy ram through the barrier, the UK wanted to fly over them.
Airlift lasted 10 months. Oil, Coal, food, and building materials were flown in.
May 1949 Stalin withdrew the blockaide
The airlift resulted in the creation of NATO
The airlift showed that there was potential for war with the soviets.
In 1949 Soviet obtained their first nuclear weapon
Germany officially divided. West Germany becomes BRD
Origins of the Cold War
Tehran Conference (Iran, 1943), FDR promised Stalin a second front to help the Russians fighting the Nazi's. Didn't happen until 1944
Yalta Feb 1945, Like in Tehran, Churchill and FDR have opposing views on Stalin. US wants Russia to help in the fight against Japan. Since Russia had control of Poland and Romania Churchill wanted free elections in Europe
Stalin wanted Poland for security issues, and suggested extending Poland's border into Germany.
They agreed that Europe would be liberated from Nazi control, Poland would have borders extended into Germany and Stalin would control half of Poland. There would be free elections in Poland. The UN would be created, and USSR would help with Japan once Germany fell. Germany and Berlin would be divided into 4 zones of occupation
Potsdam July, 1945 (Berlin)
Germany unconditionally surrenders, USSR occupied all of eastern Europe, Ne leaders in the US and UK, and the atomic bomb changed the playing field in negotiations.
Disagreements on the following:
Germany:
Punish or rebuild Germany?, Coordination of zones of occupation in Germany, and war reparations.
Poland:
Truman didn't trust the new Polish government, and hated Stalin.
Eastern Europe:
Truman dislikes the percentages agreement made in 1944.
Agreements: Zones of occupation, arrest of war criminals, agreed on UN and Security council veto.
Soviet goal was security by occupying Eastern Europe.
US changes to Foreign Policy: Pre 1945: Isolationist, Post 1945: Global security. Economic attitudes towards Europe: Free markets in Europe=trade.
Khrushchev takes over 1956
early 1956 most of the red army was out of Europe, aside from East Germany
Warsaw Pact was to coordinate defense of the communist bloc, and is the communist version of NATO
strengthened USSR in Eastern Europe, and some USSR troops back
Destalinization
get rid of the cult of personality of Stalin
denounce Stalin at the 20th party congress
(MAO HATED THIS)
Announced 'Peaceful co-existance with the West
(MAO HATED THIS)
Eastern Satelites to find own path to Communism
Under Rakosi Hungary followed a Stalinist path to communism
Rakosi was unpopular with hungarians
the 20th party speech was popular with Hungarian people. People start to revolt, and the Soviets remove Rakosi and pit in Nagy.
Nagy brought about a New coalition government with non-communist participating.
In November, Hungary announced that it would leave the Warsaw pact, Establish neutrality, and hold free elections
USSR invades Hungary and executes Nagy.
USSR's model of communism list support in China, and the west (Europe)
old Stalinist attempted to overthrow Khru in 1957
Soviets invade Hungary on Nov 4th
US promised aid, but had to respect spheres of influence, as soviets could have taken over Wberlin/germany, or greece
Prague spring
1964 Khru is out of power, and replaced with Leonid Brezhnev
replaced due to sino-soviet split, cuban missile crisis and missile gap
Brez. has more hardlne relations with the west, and reversed some democratic reforms that Khru had placed
czechoslovakia
Antonin Novothy 1957
Followed collectivization schemes and 5yr plans, little consumer spending
standard of living fell
lead to protests
crackdowns on people
in 1968 Antonin is replaced with Dubcek
Dubcek was a popular reformist
action program April 1968
inclison of minor parties, democratic reforms, socialism with a human face, and ended censorship
this was extremely popular among Eastern European progressives and youth
became a symbol of change
brez. worried that there would be influence on other countries. Aug 21st ordered a military invasion of CZ by Warsaw pact (WP) countries.
Consequences
ended early detente between USSR and US, this was condemned by Mao and other non WP countries
crushed hopes of progression in Eastern Europe
The Cold War 1950-60
Changes to US policy
Asia First
worry about communism in Asia (China)
McCarthyism and The House of Un-American Activities Committie
Rise of Joe McCarthy and the Hollywood Blacklist. (Directors blacklisted from making movies
NSC 68
Rejected Kennan's European Containment
Global containment
Build up of nuclear forces and conventional forces
support viable non-communist alternatives, even dictators.
Engages in limited wars
Would cost 20% of US GNP
Rollback of communism (contain and destroy)
Indochina is a key geographical area near dutch east indies and singapoure
Initially Truman was against Defense spending and containment as the US could be seen as the aggressor. he sent NSC 68 back for revision of rearmament policy.
Thic changes on July 25th 1950 when North Korea invades South Korea.
Korean War
Korea had been occupied by the Japanese.When they surrendered, the north was occupied by the USSR and south by the US.
They were separated by the 38th parallel
This would be temporary until the UN could organise elections
US was fine with the division, but Korea was not
in 1948 Us oversaw elections in the South. Syngman Rhee was elected with a 93% of the vote
He was Christian, went to Harvard and Princeton and Was Anti-communist, however was not democratic. The Republic of Korea was established
With Dean Acheson's Perimeter speech, the US would not attack if soviet forces invaded up to the line set out.
in 198 USSR abandoned reunification with Korea and installed Kim-il Sung in the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK)
June 25th 1950 the North invades the South
Truman gets involved but instead of going through congress he goes to the UN where the USSR was not present to veto the action.
UN approved the action. 16 nations would be involved but it was primary funded by the US. US provided 90% of all army , 93% of all air power and 86% naval power
Eisenhower elected in 1952 and promised to end the Korean war.
Stalin dies in 1953
Hard to justify support to Rhee's government
July 1953 and armistice signed and 38th parallel became DMZ
Consequences of the War
Cold war became hot, 54,00 US soldiers lost, NK 500,00 soldiers lost, millions of civis, SK 50,000 soldiers, 1 million civis, China minimum of 145,000 soldiers
NSC 68 becomes a reality, asia becomes the new target worldwide
US defense spending increases
SEATO is formed
bitter relationship with China
Nasser and the Suez Crisis 1956
Nasser is leader of Egypt, is an Anti-colonial, and nationalist. He supports the Destruction of Israel, and is officially neutral
Non-alignment movement- 1961. Plays both sides
1954 British remove base from Suez canal
Israel demands support from France, Nasser accepts arms from the Czechs
Aswan dam project to control the flood waters from the Nile, but needed funding
US cuts funding because of Nasser accepting arms from the Czech
So Nasser wants the USSR to build the bridge , but not join the Warsaw Pact
wants to nationalize the Suez canal
UK/France/Israel attack Suez
US condemn the action as they were not consulted. US and USSR force a withdrawal through the UN
Vietman