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midterm-UP :cityscape: (Contemporary Planning History (Zoning in New York,âŠ
midterm-UP :cityscape:
City, Urban Area, Built Environment
city living
What is a city?
a âbuilt environmentâ for human to live in
Definitions
Oriental
Western
Modern Definition
Elements of a city
Citizen
basic
Activity
work
folk
place
transportion
Land and facility
structure
ohters
Kevin Lynch
The image of the city
paths
edges
districts
nodes
landmarks
Metropolis
Megalopolis
Ecumenopolis
The Nolli Map
1748 Gimabattista Nolli ROME
figure-ground
Urbanization
Urbanization Factor
pushing factor
pulling factor
Rapid Urbanization
critical issues
NIMY , BANANA
pesudo-urbanization
Urban Problems of Korea
World Urbanization Trends
current situation
rank
Urbanization Progress
definition
History of Urban Planning
Medieval Cities
little need for UP until 11th c
religious building in the middle(Romanesque)
gird-system Roman city remains
population and sanitation
ex
Florence
Venice
Paris
Bastides (fortified town)
Renaissance Cities
Ideal City in Renaissance
Ideal city
late 15th Century
Planned by Alberti, Averlino, Scamozzi
Palmanova
Built in 1593 to defend the frontiers of Venetian territory
Only Renaissance ideal city actually built
design by Scamozzi
Personal recognition
Brunelleschi, Michelangelo, and Leonardo in Italy, Christopher Wren, and Inigo Jones in England
more artistic than substantive
Monumental churches, palaces, and public buildings
More concern for beauty within
Baroque Cities
17th and 18th centuryïŒmark the monumentalism and grandeur of the reigning monarchs of the Western world
Elaborations of Renaissance urban design
City centerline or axis was embellished to symbolize the radiance of monarchs and rulers
Huge open spaces
Deprived and oppressed people
others
Haussmann Paris Plan
a modernization program of Paris,between 1853 and 1870
project
streets and boulevards (grand design)
regulations imposed on facades of buildings (uniform, sense of rhythm)
sewers and water works
city facilities
public parks & monuments
American Cities
Washington, D.C
Pierre Charles LâEnfant
modeled in the Baroque style and incorporated avenues radiating out from rectangles, providing room for open space and landscaping
McMillan Plan
New Yorkâs Central Park, Bostonâs Emerald Necklace by Olmstead
Pilot Plan for Brasilia
LĂșcio Costa,Oscar Niemeyer,1956
Pilot Plan for Brasilia
Broadacre City
1930s
Primary proponent: Frank Lloyd Wright
Theme: Project for a new way of living in the American landscape.Small is good.Utopian rural view
Never built
The Disappearing City(1932)
Neighborhood unit
Clarence Perry,1923
applied into a regional plan of the New York City(1929)
A self-contained residential area that would be bounded by streets, with shops at the intersections and a elementary school in the middle.
Housing for the Mechanic Age
argued for use of superblocks
In the 1930s, superblocks were often used in urban renewal public housing projects in American cities.
Radburn, NJ
located within Fair Lawn, NJ
Clarence Stein and Henry Wright in 1928
separate traffic by mode, with a pedestrian path system
"superblock" and is credited with incorporating some of the earliest cul-de-sac in the United States
European Cities
Wren's plan for the rebuilding of London
A vision of great straight boulevards and piazzas,
It was never adopted,
Industrial Cities
1769
Increased congestion, new safety hazards, air and water pollution
New phenomenon: journey to work
a movement towards suburbs
Industrial new towns were built out of guilt or noblesse oblige
Saltaire
Garden City
1900s to 1940s
Ebenezer Howard, Garden Cities of To-morrow (1898), or âTo-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898)â
Primary component: freedom and cooperation
New socio-economic,self-government
Four main components
Population of 30,000 people
Greenbelt of 5,000 acres surrounds the city
Mixture of land uses for self-sufficiency
All the land owned by public trust
Garden city movement
realized several Garden Cities in Great Britain at the beginning of the twentieth century
Letchworth, and Welwyn built within 33 miles of London
Showing a development of national urban policy
City Beautiful Movement
Inspiration
Around the turn of the 20C
Primary Proponent: Daniel Burnham
Primary Components:
First Demonstration:Washington D.C.
others
a reform movement in North American,flourished in the 1890s and 1900s
Plan of Chicago by Daniel Burnham
The first comprehensive plan
Walter Burley Griffin's design for Canberra
Gradually evolved into the city functional
Ideal city of Modern Era
La Ville Radieuse
La Ville radieuse (The Radiant City) of 1935
the most significant difference
abandons the class-based stratification of the former
features
a catering section in the basement
time saved
roof top gardens and beaches
Transportation systems
Master Plan of Chandigarh
Responsible for the hierarchic road system, which contains 7 layers, or Vâs.
Urbanisme, Le Corbusier
Plan Voison de Paris 1925
sixty-story cruciform towers
City of tomorrow and its planning (1929)
a contemporary city of 3 million residents, adapted as comprehensive plan for Paris in the 1920s
Basic principles
de-congest the center of our cities
augment the their density
increase the means for getting about
increase parks and open spaces
Ancient Cities
Ancient Greek Cities 3C BC
Hippodamian Planning
orthogonal plan
Miletus and Priene
public use
wide arterial avenues
guarantee privacy
Athens
Acropolis and Agora
40000 citizens and 10000 slaves and foreigners
Ancient Oriental Cities
China
The concept
Shang dynasty9(1700BC-10BC)
Changan
a city copied
Indian
Typical form of a mandala,
Key movements are from outside in, or circling the sacred enclosure in a clockwise direction
ancient cities
Babylon 6C BC
others
Agade 2700bc
Fertile Crescent 4000BC
ancient Eygpt
ancient Roman cities
ca 700BC
most in classical style copied from Greek
45,000 apartment blocks, 2,000 private homes were built before 3C A.D.
the first example of zoning
forums
Understood the importance of transportation
Spain to Armenia, Britain to Egypt
military camps
Western ancient cities
Contemporary Planning History
others
FAR: Floor Area Ratio
Lot Coverage, or Building to Land Ratio
Euclidian Zoning
Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. (1926)
Depression and War Years
Great Depression struck the world in 1930s
the responsibility for planning shifted to national level
Zoning in New York
Equitable Building (1915)
42 story building, FAR 30 without setback
Casted 7 acre (28,000 mÂČ) of shadow around the neighborhood
New York Zoning Resolution(1916)
Resolve light, air problem
Restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size
The Metropolis of Tomorrowâ by Hugh Ferriss
1961 Zoning Resolution
incentive zoning
Seagram Building
privately owned public spaces
Greenbelt Towns
Three greenbelt towns built
Greenbelt, Maryland
Greendale, Wisconsin
Greenhills, Ohio
RRA
Roughly analogous to Howardâs Garden cities
Dormitory suburbs of Washington, Cincinnati, and Milwaukee
Reform Movement
American Institute of Planners was founded in 1917, later became APA with AICP
major reforms
Zoning
Regional planning agency
The concept of Geddes were invoked as frequently as Burnhamâs
Postwar Growth to the Fifties
Radicalism and Activism in 1960s
Recent Trends in Urban Planning
Major Success and Failures in American Planning
Urban Planning Concept
Function/Role of Urban Planning System
Geographic Information System
Population Forecast
Urban Structures and Street Networks
City Survey