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Adaptive/Acquired immunity (Humoral Immunity (Antibody Synthesis (T cell…
Adaptive/Acquired immunity
JUST IGNORE!!!!!!!
!
Artificial Immunity
Active
(Vaccination)
Passive
(Serotherapy)
JUST IGNORE THIS!!!!!!!
Natural Immunity
get the
antigen naturally
eg. You get the flu
It is resistance to disease possessed by an
individual.
Nature has given this type of immunity to certain individuals, species against certain disease.
eg. Some individuals are most resisting to certain infections than other.
A)
Active immunity
(Infection)
Not immediate
protection.
immunological memory
.
is
lifelong for some diseases
(chicken pox, measles).
the foreign antigen enter the body naturally and trigger
A)
Antibodies
production
- B cells
B)
Cell mediated response
T lymphocytes
get immunity ourselves / resistance developed as a result of antigenic stimulus.
induced
not by deliberate exposure
(vaccination).
exposed to the
pathogen that causes the disease.
B)
Passive immunity
(Maternal)
immediate
protection
No memory
.
only lasts a
few weeks or months.
protect until infants have ability to produce own antibodies.
Antibodies
A) lgG
pass from a mother to fetus through the
placenta
during
3rd month
of
gestation.
B) lgA
breast milk
confer immunity to the infant.
during
lasts 4 to 6 months after birth.
Breast Milk
components which help in
immunity response
.
A)
Oligosaccharides and mucins
adhere to bacteria and viruses
prevent the attachment to host cells.
B)
Lactoferrin
bind with iron
unavailable to most bacteria;
C)
B12 binding protein
to deprive bacteria of needed vitamin B12;
D)
Bifidus factor
that promotes the growth of
i) Lactobacillus bifidus,
ii) normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract of infants (harmful bacteria)
E)
Fibronectin
that increases the antimicrobial activity of macrophages
helps repair tissue damage from infection in the gastrointestinal tract;
F)
Gamma-interferon,
a cytokine that enhances the activity of certain immune cells;
G)
Hormones and growth factors
that stimulate the baby's gastrointestinal tract to mature faster and be less susceptible to infection;
H)
Lysozyme
to break down peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.
Definition: Adaptive response of host to specific pathogen or antigen.
it is an immunity that an organism develops during life time.
develop after exposure to antigens.
Properties:
Antigen specificity
Diversity
Immunological memory
Self/non-self recognition
Clonal expansion
Specialization
Non reactivity to self.
Humoral Immunity
Antibody Production
Immune response
Primary response
lg M (early phase)
lg G (late phase)
Secondary response
lg G (early and late phase)
shorter lag phase
longer static phase and decline phase
higher antibody titer
stronger affinity of antibody
Clonal Selection
A single progenitor cell gives rise to a large number of lymphocytes, each with a different specificity
Removal of potentially self-reactive immature lymphocytes by clonal deletion
Pool of mature native lymphocytes
Proliferation and differentiation of activated specific lymphocytes to form a clone of effector cells
Antibody Synthesis
T cell-dependent• Cooperation of T-cells
Antibody cell is triggered when it encounters matching antigen
2.The B-cell engulfs the antigen and digests it
Displays antigen fragments bound to its unique MHC molecules
The helper T cell binds to the antigen-MHC class II complex and is induced to release cytokines that induce the B cell to divide rapidly
T cell-independent• Do not require T-cells
Resting of B cell
Encounter with antigen
Stimulate B cell gives rise to antibody- secreting plasma cells
B cell proliferates and differentiates
plasma cell
antibody
lg G
Complement activation
Agglutination
Opsonization
Neutralization
Crosses placenta to protect fetus
lg M
Complement activation
Agglutination
Neutralization
lg A
Agglutination
Neutralization
lg E
trigger release of histamines from basophils and mast cells
lg D
differences
Length of constant region
Hinge
Disulphide bond
Carbohydrate
Number of mers
memory cell
Antibody Action
Increase efficiency of phagocytosis
Neutralization
• Prevent binding of exotoxin, virus and bacteria to the cell
Agglutination
• Attaches to multiple cells making a clump
Opsonization
• Antigen covered with antibodies and bind to Fc receptors of phagocytes
Activation of complement
Cell lysis
Increase efficiency of inflammation
Increase efficiency of phagocytosis
Innate/Natural Immunity
(First line defense)
Aim: Keep viruses, bacteria, parasites, & other foreign particles out of the body / limit their ability to spread & move through the body.
Non-specific defense mechanisms.
First and Second line of defense.
At birth.
Activated immediately by the presence of antigens or pathogens.
No memory.
Physical barriers
: Skin, chemicals in blood, cilia, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, nasopharynx, eyelashes.
Defense mechanism
: mucous, bile, tear, sweat, saliva, gastric acid, other secretions.
Immune responses
Inflammation
: Release of chemicals from the white blood cells into the blood or affected tissues will increase the blood flow to injury or infection area, leads to redness, warmth and swelling.
Complement system
: An immune response that marks pathogen for destruction and punctures pathogen's cell membrane.
Non-specific cellular responses
Cells of Innate Immunity
Phagocytes: circulate throughout body, engulf and destroy non-self substances.
Macrophages
roam outside the blood circulatory system
release cytokines to recruit other cells to infected area.
Mast cells: vital for wound healing and defense against pathogens via inflammation with the help of histamine.
Neutrophils
Toxic granules to bacteria and fungi by inhibiting their proliferation and die.
Produce fibres to trap bacteria prevent spreading.
Eosinophils: kill bacteria and parasite by secreting toxic proteins and free radicals, attach and help immobilize parasites, may cause tissue damage during allergic reaction.
Basophils: sectrete histamine and attack multicellular parasites.
Natural killer cells: release enzyme to destroy outer membrane of infected cells, destroy infected host cells to cease the spread of infection.
Dendritic cells: identify threats and act as messengers for the rest of immune system by antigen presentation.
Complement system
Opsonization: A process in which foreign particles are marked for phagocytosis.
Chemotaxis: Attraction and movement of macrophages to chemical signal.
Cell lysis: Destruction of cell membrane.
Agglutination: Pathogens are clustered together by antibodies, so immune cells can attack and weaken infection.