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Hazardous Earth Topic 1, GCSE Geography (Volcanoes (Prediction (Aircraft…

- - - - Information
        
        Preparation
        
        Meterological Centre for Predicting
        
        National Hurricane Centre in Miami
        
        Alerts/ notification
        
        Radio
        
        TV
        
        Phones
        
        High mobile ownership rate (103 per 100 people)
        
        Evacuation plan
        
        Detailed Risk Zones
        
        Sea defences
        
        Levées
        
        Satellite Imagery
        
        20 operate every day
        
        Preplanned aid
        
        Category 1 - Aug 25; Category 5 - Aug 28; Category 1 - Aug 30
        
        Date - 23rd Aug 2005 to 31st Aug 2005
      - Impacts
        
        Social :silhouette:
        
        Death
        
        1,836
        
        Homeless
        
        400,000
        
        Mortality rates
        
        Joblessness
        
        Humanitarian Crisis
        
        Permanent Refugees
        
        Diseases
        
        Cholera
        
        Economic :money_with_wings:
        
        Looting
        
        Infrastructure repair
        
        $50m in aid
        
        $105bn repairs
        
        Costliest disaster in US history
        
        Supplies disturbed
        
        Oil
        
        Cotton
        
        Corn
        
        Soybeans
        
        Paperwood
        
        $1.36bn lost
        
        Tax Revenue Lost
        
        Casinos Closed
        
        Temporary Relocation
        
        Shipping Ports
        
        Bankrupcy
        
        New Orleans Entergy
        
        Filed for bankrupcy protection
        
        Insurance
        
        $45.1bn paid out via compensation.
        
        Environmental :evergreen_tree:
        
        Oil facilities damaged
        
        44 Oil Spills reported
        
        Canals affected
        
        Contamination of water
        
        Chicken + uncooked shrimp = Escherichia Coli (E.Coli)
        
        Trees
        
        $1.1bn worth destroyed
        
        Erosion
      - Responses
        
        $10.4bn in aid + $51.8bn
        
        7200 National Guard troops
        
        24hr evacuation warnings
        
        Overall infrastructure has improved
        
        Some power regions are still recovering
    - - Information
        
        Date - 27th Apr 2008 to 3rd May 2008
        
        Category 1 - Apr 28; Category 2 - Apr 29; Category 4 - May 2
        
        Preperation
        
        No evacuation plan
        
        No sea defences
      - Impacts
        
        Social :silhouette:
        
        Death
        
        138,000
        
        Homeless
        
        2.5bn
        
        Diseases
        
        Diarrhoea
        
        Dysentery
        
        Joblessness
        
        Primary Income Loss
        
        Humanitarian Crisis
        
        Orphaned Kids
        
        Economic :money_with_wings:
        
        Damage
        
        $10bn
        
        75% buildings damaged
        
        95% on delta
        
        1163 temples destroyed
        
        75% hospitals/clinics damaged
        
        Industries interrupted
        
        Shrimp
        
        Rice
        
        Flooded fields
        
        Telecommunications down
        
        Environmental :evergreen_tree:
        
        Resources damaged
        
        Rice
        
        Harvests of 2008/09
        
        Farmland
        
        Livestock
        
        Fisheries
        
        Uprooted Trees
        
        Erosion
        
        Water
        
        Contamination
        
        Precipitation level of 600mm
        
        Responses
        
        No relief provided by government
        
        Government refused foreign aid
        
        Weeks for a minority to recieve Visas
        
        Most hasn't been rebuilt
  - - - Must reach 74mph = 119km/h to be classified as a tropical cyclone
- - - - Most
        
        Dispersed over focused area
    - - Least
        
        Dispersed over wider area
  - - - Heats quick in Summer
        
        Air above heats, air expands, becomes lighter, rises making low pressure over large landmasses
      - Cools quick in Winter
    - - Takes longer to heat and cool
      - In Summer, air over sea remains cooler, denser, making areas of high pressure
    - - Low
        
        Air is rising
        
        Dense
        
        Clouds and rainfall
        
        i.e. Gulf of Guinea, UK
      - High
        
        Air is sinking
        
        Less dense
        
        No rainfall
        
        i.e. Sahara, N. Africa
  - - - North in June (Tropic of Cancer)
      - South in December (Tropic of Capricorn)
    - - Mali, Africa
        
        Rainfall amount
        
        Apr to Jun - barely any
        
        Jan to Mar - no rainfall
        
        Seasons
        
        Moving North brings rainy
        
        Moving South brings dry
- - - - Produces
        
        Ash
        
        Sulphur dioxide
      - Rises into stratosphere by high winds
      - Prevents sunlight reaching Earth's surface
        
        Reflected of the gases
    - - Mt Pinnatubo, Phillipines, Asia
        
        Death
        
        200,000
        
        17m tonnes SO4
        
        10% global sunlight reduction
        
        0.5 deg Celsius drop
        
        Eruption: 1915
        
        Year without summer was 1916
  - - - Could last 5-10 yrs
      - Millions of tonnes of ash + dust into atmosphere
    - - 1908, asteroid with diameter of 100m, exploded 5km above Tunguska, Russia
        
        Flattered 80m trees
    - - Blast millions of tonnes of ash + dust into atmosphere
  - - - More
        
        More solar energy fired out; More active
      - Less
        
        Less solar energy fired out; Less active
    - - Cooler
        
        Little Ice Age
      - Warmer
        
        Medieval Warm Period
  - - - Cold glacial
        
        5-6 deg Celcius cooler
      - Warm interglacial
        
        2-3 deg Celcius warmer
    - - Orbit
        
        Circular
        
        Elliptical
      - Axis
        
        Tilts
        
        On side
        
        Upright
        
        Wobbles
        
        Like a spinning top
      - Milankovitch Cycles
        
        Every hundreds of thousandths of years
- - - - Pros and Cons
        
        Advantages
        
        Preserve air
        
        Time capsule
        
        Oldest at the bottom
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Snow may not fall a particular year
        
        Rough prediction of years
        
        Estimated time
      - Usage
        
        Drills down ice cores
        
        Traps gases
    - - Pros and Cons
        
        Advantages
        
        Each ring show the growth per year
        
        Place-specific climate readings
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Need to chop down trees to get readings
        
        Contributes to enhanced greenhouse effect
      - Usage
        
        The thickness of the ring shows how warm it was
        
        Growth record
  - - - Pros and Cons
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Unreliable
        
        Not exact
        
        Not primary reason for data collection
        
        Could be biased
        
        Could be product of imagination/fantasy
        
        Advantages
        
        Eye witness
        
        So far back where we don't have accurate data
        
        Photos
      - Usage
        
        Could be to compare data
- - - - Manmade
        
        Rice paddy
        
        Cattle
        
        Coal mines
      - Natural
        
        Decomposing plant material
    - - Natural
        
        Water evaporation
      - Manmade
        
        Burning hydrocarbon fuels
    - - Manmade
        
        Making cement
        
        Burning fossil fuels
      - Natural
        
        Respiration
        
        Forest fires
        
        Volcanoes
    - - Manmade
        
        Nylon
        
        Nitric Acid
        
        Fertiliser
      - Natural
        
        Oceans
        
        Rainforests
- - - - Asthenosphere/ Upper mantle (75-250km)
      - Lower Mantle (700-2900km)
      - Lithosphere (uppermost layer of earth, made of tectonic plates and rocks)
      - Outer Core (2900-5270km)
        
        Full of convection currents, Temp between 4-9000 deg fahrenheit
      - Inner Core (5270-6370km)
        
        Solid under pressure, Temp as high as 9000 deg fahrenheit
      - A plate boundary is where two tectonic plates meet, split, collide
    - - Continental
        
        Mostly granite
      - Oceanic
        
        Thicker than counterpart 5x
        
        Mostly basalt
        
        Denser than counterpart
    - - Heat at centre of earth caused by radioactive decay
      - Convection currents
        
        Move tectonic plates super slowly
        
        Can cause plate subduction
        
        Subduction - when the more dense oceanic plate sinks into the mantle beneath the less dense continental crust at a convergent plate boundary
        
        Can cause shield volcanoes
        
        Plumes are parts of convection cells where heat moves towards the surface - columns of them are called hot spots, an example of which is Yellowstone, USA
    - - Super-continent formed 200mya, when all continents were all together
- - - - Example
        
        SanAndreas Fault, California, USA
        
        N. American and Pacific plate sliding past one another
      - Earthquakes
        
        Up to 8.5 magnitude(destructive)
        
        Small daily earth tremours
      - Volcanoes
        
        None
      - Move past one another
    - - Example
        
        Iceland, mid-Atlantic ridge
        
        Eurasian and N. American plates pulling apart
      - Earthquakes
        
        Up to 5-6 magnitude (small)
      - Volcanoes
        
        Not very explosive or dangerous
        
        Occur in fissures (cracks in ground)
        
        Erupt basalt lava at 1200 deg Celsius
      - Move away from another
    - - Example
        
        Andres Mountains in Peru and Chile
        
        Nazca oceanic plate subducted under S. American continental plate
      - Earthquakes
        
        Up to 9.5 magnitude (very destructive)
        
        Can form tsunamis
      - Move towards each other
      - Volcanoes
        
        Very explosive, destructive
        
        Steep sided, cone shaped
        
        Erupt andesite lava at 900-1000 deg Celsius
    - - Example
        
        Himalayas, Asia
        
        Indian and Eurasian continental plate push into each other
      - Earthquakes
        
        Up to 9.0 magnitude (destructive)
        
        Landslides are triggered
      - Volcanoes
        
        Very rare
      - When they collide
  - - - The power of the earthquake
      - Measured using the Richter Scale
    - - Measures the magnitude
      - Measured by the Richter Scale
    - - Logarithmic scale used to rate strength of earthquake
        
        Each is 10x stronger than previous
    - - Point of origin where the plates collide and cause EQs and tremours
    - - Above focus pn ground. Place where most damage happens
  - - - Tsuanamis are waves that travel up to 900km/h with wavelengths over 200km
      - In open water height can be over 1m, but on the coast can be less or equal to 30m
      - Earthquakes beneath sea generate tsunamis
      - Craetes a flood, pushing several km on land
  - - - Information
        
        Date: 12th Jan 2010
        
        Magnitude: 7.3
        
        Death
        
        230,000+
      - Preparation
        
        Not prepared
        
        Pooly constructed buildings
        
        No formal education
        
        No building codes
      - Primary Impacts
        
        Dead :silhouette:
        
        Humanitarian Crisis :silhouette:
        
        Homelessness :silhouette:
        
        Rebuilding is still happenning :silhouette::money_with_wings:
        
        Critical medical amount :silhouette:
        
        Loss of money from clothing industry :money_with_wings:
      - Secondary Impacts
        
        Still homeless :silhouette:
        
        Missing people :silhouette:
        
        Lots of aid needed :silhouette::money_with_wings:
        
        People self-helping :silhouette:
        
        UNs 'cash for work' program :silhouette::money_with_wings:
    - - Information
        
        Date: 17th Jan 1995
        
        Magnitude: 7.4
        
        Death
        
        5502-6434
      - Preperation
        
        Earthquake proof buildings
        
        Drills
        
        Prepared
        
        Simulators
        
        Protection helmets
        
        Emergency Kits
        
        Dry rations
        
        Basic first aid
        
        Water
      - Primary Impacts
        
        Homelessness :silhouette:
        
        Overflowing hospitals :silhouette:
        
        Loss of money :money_with_wings:
      - Secondary Impacts
        
        Rebuilt more earthquake proof buildings :silhouette::money_with_wings:
        
        Regular drills :silhouette:
        
        Informed kids :silhouette:
        
        Quick electricity recovery :silhouette:
        
        Temporary shelters :silhouette:
        
        Emergency reconstruction plan :silhouette::money_with_wings:
- - - - Benefits and Problems (Sakurajima)
        
        Benefits
        
        40% of land is fertile soil
        
        Tea
        
        Rice
        
        Tourist attractions
        
        Hot springs
        
        Lava flows
        
        National Parks
        
        Lava flows connect islands to mainlands
        
        Sheltered Bay
        
        Good port
        
        Fishing
        
        Problems
        
        7000 people live at base
        
        Kagoshima has pop 650,000 - could be devastated
        
        Hurls bombs over 3km from crater
        
        Pyroclastic flow 2km
        
        30km3 of ash each year
        
        Lots of urban areas around the bay
    - - Information
        
        Series of eruptions between 1995-1997
        
        Most intense in 1997
        
        Death
        
        19
        
        South became an Exclusion Zone
      - Preparation
        
        No preperation, dormant for 800yrs
        
        Citizens though it was a jet plane
        
        Though it was extinct
        
        No specialised people
      - Impacts
        
        Primary
        
        Ecosystem Ruined :evergreen_tree:
        
        Volcanic Gases :evergreen_tree:
        
        Fatalities :silhouette:
        
        Lava flows :evergreen_tree:
        
        Pyroclastic flows :evergreen_tree:
        
        Tephra :evergreen_tree:
        
        Rock fragments and particles ejected by a volcanic eruption
        
        Secondary
        
        Evacuation :silhouette:
        
        Abandonment of capital :silhouette::money_with_wings:
        
        Foreign aid from Britain :money_with_wings:
        
        Unemployment :silhouette::money_with_wings:
        
        Exclusion Zone :money_with_wings::silhouette::evergreen_tree:
        
        Fatalities :silhouette:
        
        Lahars :evergreen_tree:
        
        Landslide :evergreen_tree:
        
        Flooding :evergreen_tree::money_with_wings:
        
        Infrastructure destroyed :money_with_wings:
        
        Animals endagered :evergreen_tree:
      - Responses
        
        Moved capital
        
        Made exclusion zone
        
        Used British foreign aid
        
        Special volcano monitoring