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electrolyte ((diarrhea (acidosis, hypokalaemia), vomiting (alkalosis,…
electrolyte
diarrhea
acidosis
hypokalaemia
vomiting
alkalosis
hypokalaemia
thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
thyroid: BMR: Na/K-ATPase
low K: high AP threshold: low excitability
acidosis
K increase
insulin
K into cell
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (increaseECV)
aldosterone
collecting ducts: ENaC, Na/K-ATPase
angiotensin II
vasoconstriction, ADH
(ACE)
(lung capillaries)
angiotensin I
liver
renin
juxtaglomerular cells
hypernatremia (160 is severe)
sodium
increase
mineralocorticoid excess
water
decrease
v renal loss
diuresis
max urine osmolarity: kidney x his job
x renal loss
diarrhea
(RAAS) max urine osmolarity: kidney v his job
euvolemic
DI
water restriction
ADH low
nephrogenic :cry:
DDAVP desmopressin
ADH back
nephrogenic :cry:
osmotic diuresis
poorly permeable
reabsorb more Na
higher than tubular transport maximum
too much Na
x reabsorbable
backleak
SIADH: euvolemic
ADH: countercurrent multiplication & aquaporin
increase Na, increase water
decrease RAAS
hyponatremia
sodium
decrease
x renal loss
vomiting, diarrhea
v renal loss
mineralocorticoid deficiency
water
increase
diluational
SIADH
CHF, liver, nephrotic
others
drip arm
pseudohyponatremia
hypokalemia
v renal loss
mineralocorticoid excess
x K-sparing diuretics
renal tubular acidosis
x renal loss
diarrhea
hyperkalemia
mineralocorticoid deficiency
mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)
increase Na
lumen negative
decrease K
decrease H