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Problem Solving and Intelligence (Problem Solving (The Search (Initial…
Problem Solving and Intelligence
Problem Solving
DEFINE: A process in which a person begins with a goal and seeks some steps that will lead toward that goal.
The Search
Initial State
Goal State
Operators
Path Constraints
Example: Hobbits and Orcs
Hobbits & Orc at the river
Getting all to other side of river
Boats
No more than 3 in a boat, Hobbits will eat Orcs if they outnumber them
Problem Space
the set of all states that can be reached in solving a problem
Sometimes too large, so must use heuristics
Hill-climbing Strategy: get closer to the goal
Means-end Analysis: Can the current state be made more similar to the goal state, using available operators (subproblems)
Pictures and Diagrams
Mental imagery can also help in problem solving
Can sometimes be limited by a perceptual reference frame
Changing the reference frame can help
Analogies
Rely on past experience to tackle current challenges
Defining the Problem
Ill Defined vs. Well Defined
Functional Fixedness
A tendency to be rigid in thinking about an object’s function
Problem-solving set (Einstellung)
Beliefs, habits, or strategies used to solve a problem
Creativity
DEFINE: the tendency to generate or recognize ideas, alternatives, or possibilities that may be useful in solving problems, communicating with others, and entertaining ourselves and others.
3 MOTIVES:
Need for novel, varied, and complex stimulation
Need to communicate ideas and values
Need to solve problems
PREREQUS:
Knowledge and skill in the domain
Certain intellectual capacities and personality traits
Motivated by the pleasure of the work
A conducive social, cultural, and historical context
WALLAS PROCESS:
Incubation: setting problem aside (somewhat unreliable)
Illumination: insight/new idea emerges
Verification: solution and works on details
Preparation: gather information
"Divergent Thinking"
3 BALANCES:
Synthetic ability: making connections that are unusual
Analytic ability: critical judgment to pursue the better ideas
Practical ability: translating ideas into accomplishments
Intelligence
Binet Scales
Use of age differentiation and general mental ability
30 tasks or tests of increasing difficulty
Categorization
Idiots (most severe intellectual impairment)
Imbeciles (moderate impairment)
Morons (mildest impairment
Mental age
1916 Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale = IQ
Controversial
Test scores improve with instruction
IQ tests assess narrow domains of expertise
Book smarts versus street smarts
Tests are culturally biased
Schooling vs. innate ability
Principles of Test Construction
Standardization: establish a basis for meaningful comparison
Reliability: yields consistent results
Validity : what the test is supposed to measure or predict
Intelligences
General: Verbal Intelligence; one pervasive measure
Specialized: Each measure is separate
Hierarchical: a prediction that, if we choose tasks from two different categories we should find a correlation in performance
Fluid: The ability to deal with new and unusual problems
Crystallized: acquired knowledge, including your verbal knowledge and your experience
WAIS measures overall intelligence and 11 other aspects related to intelligence
Practical: Reasoning to solve everyday problems
Emotional: understand own emotions and others’
Multiple intelligences
Psychometric intelligence:
linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial
Other types of intelligence:
musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic
Sternberg: Multiple Intelligences
Analytical Intelligence: assessed by intelligence tests.
Creative Intelligence: helps adapt to novel situations, generate novel ideas.
Practical Intelligence:required for everyday tasks (e.g. street smarts).
