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WIF Parenting and Marriage (Parenting Style (Permissive Parents 放任的,…
WIF Parenting and Marriage
Parenting Style
Permissive Parents 放任的
Authoritative (Democratic)Parents 恩威並施
Rejecting / Neglecting Parents
Authoritarian權力主義
Perspectives of Parent Education
The Parent-mediated Perspective
(Most Used)
parent education practices
have been
dominated by this perspective
process of imparting appropriate
knowledge and skills
to parents to improve parent-child
relationship
programs were initiated to help
parents change their parenting attitude and methods
The Systemic Perspective
Conceptualizing parent-child relationships i
n term of larger family systems
Advocate an interactive or systemic perspective
strengthening of the family to create better
outcomes of children
Assessment areas: not focus on content, but identifying the family
process
Boundary: enmesh vs detach
Hierarchy: control vs autonomy
Communication: affective vs task; congruent, direct and concrete communication
Behavior control and guidance.
Strengthening of parenting subsystem
Developmental stages
Life context
Prevention of triangulation
Identified patient
The Parent Empowerment Perspective
importance of
family empowerment
as
a mean to solve family
problems
suitable for parent education
for disadvantaged families and families with special need
children
empowerment perspective is relatively unpopular due to
the supremacy of parent-mediated perspective
Example: Self-growth and mutual support group of parents, SEN parents
Working Approaches
Case
Therapeutic or developmental group
Mutual Support group
Programs and community education
Marital Relationship
Marital Life Cycle & Marital Satisfaction
show variations in stress and satisfaction
friends, money and relatives did not change significantly
during the stage
before the couples get married
, shortly after
marriage and after they had their first child
problems of religion and jealousy decreased significantly
between pre-marriage and
early marriage
but the problems of sexual nature increased
sexual intimacy and communication problems increased from
early marriage to early parenthood
the longer the duration
of the marriage, the higher husbands’
marital satisfaction
husbands usually
reported less marital problems than wives
Wives were found to be more affected by marriage
Children exert dual-aspect consequence
Adjusted couples demonstrate a
drop in marital satisfaction at the birth of the first child
, getting
rise at the age of school age children
,
dropping again with the teenage children
, and
ascending slightly after the children leave home
(Wpattern)
non-adjusted couples displayed a
rather linear pattern that their marital satisfaction
Marital Boundary in Systemic Context
attain a balance within their
subsystem boundary
such as, affection, intimacy, personal
space in marriage, sexual expression, the extent of
dependency, interdependency or independency, power influence and negotiation
boundaries of men between the self and other tend to be clear// self-other
boundaries of women are not distinct
negotiation between spouses
as a struggle of power and control
personal and private space
extent and their own ways of
interdependence as well as the conflict issues in marriage
“bonds and bars”
Conflict Resolution
enhancing spousal relationship is the ways couples decide on and how they resolve their problems
constructive styles
, such as assertion and co-operation,
resolving disputes with equitable solution and mutual emotional content
exchanging aggression
verbally and nonverbally, such as
criticism, contempt, disgust, pushing or slapping
Marital Interaction
pattern of distance and pursuit
pattern of rejection and intrusion
pattern of demanding withdrawn partner
as struggling between a withdrawn partner and a demanding partner
gender-linked
socialization and physiological factors
MEN are socialized to be strong and independent
WOMEN are socialized to yearn for attachment and be emotional expressive
greater arousal from conflict and psychophysiological discomfort
men’s avoidance of conflict, withdrawal from conflict
and attempts to reconcile conflict
women are less
reactive to conflict, they can function in conflicts with a
climate of negative affect more effectively and more likely to escalate conflict
Men have stronger emotional-caused physiological discomfort(heaert beat etc)
feminist perspective
men have often been in the position
of primary benefit--> tend to be more conservative
women are more likely to struggle
and to propose changes in marriage
constructively communication
is
positively correlated with relationship satisfaction
demand/withdraw interaction pattern
is
negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction