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Competition (Interspecific Competition (Reduction in realized niche (Each…
Competition
Interspecific Competition
Occurs between members of different species
Reduces abundance, Fecundity and Survivorship
Density- Independent effects
Reduction in realized niche
Each species exploites a narrower range of resources
Asymmetric Effects
Consequences not the same for both parties
Use either of the mechanisms
Interference mechanism: Overgrowth of algae on the coral species
Intraspecific Competition
Occurs between members of the same species
Features:
Uses both mechanism
Density dependent effects that reduce fecundity and survivorship
Competition more intense with conspecific because the competing individuals have the same resources and will react the same way to conditions
Remember the density dependent graph whereas the rate of increase per individual (y-axis) increases the increase in density decreases (x-axis)
One sided Reciprocity
Competiton can be one sided due to heritable differenes between the individuals.
Increases the fitness of the population
Important for Population Regulations
Regulates the number of individuals in a population at a carrying capacity by: Density-dependent increases in death rate eg: soybean and decreases in birth rate eg: Musculium securis
Affects the growth and development of individuals
Total biomass is regulated since individuals suffer density dependent decrease in growth rate
Low density pop: large individuals High density pop: small individuals
The law of Constant Final Yield (Kira et all, 1953)
Causes Expansion of Realized Niche
Some individuals(weaker competitiors) are force occupy areas outside of the suboptimal conditions eg: brown grasshoppers on the leaf with holes
Two mechanism
Exploitation (indirect)
Consumptive
Pre-emptive
Tunicates
Overgrowth
Eg: Trees
Interference (direct)
Chemical
Eucalyptus and Bacteria
Encounter
Overgrowth
Corals and Barnacle
Territoriality
Lions and birds
Lotka-Volterra Models 1925 and 1926
Based n logistics patterns of pop growth it predicts what happens to the relative size of two competing species