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Particle accelerators (Cyclotrons (Cyclotrons use circular deflection,…
Particle accelerators
Cyclotrons
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Charged particles are fired into one of the electrodes and the centripetal force of the magnetic field makes them follow a circular path
When the particle reaches the gap between two electrodes, the potential difference accelerates it across the gap
The kinetic energy gained when a particle is accelerated is QV. The energy in eV of an electron accelerated by a potential difference is equal to V
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The potential difference is reversed before the particle reaches the next gap so that it is accelerated back
Electron guns
Thermionic emission
When you heat a metal, its free electrons gain thermal energy
If they gain enough energy, the break free from the surface of the metal
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Some of the electrons pass through a little hole in the anode, making a narrow electron beam
Beyond this, the electrons travel with constant velocity
Linacs
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The electrodes are connected to an alternating potential difference so that the charge continuously changes. The alternating potential is timed so that the particles will always continue in the same direction
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This means that the length of the electrodes must increase to that the frequency of the alternating potential difference can stay the same - the particles spend the same amount of time in each electrode