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NEURULATION (Germ layers (Mesoderm (Lateral plate mesoderm, Axial mesoderm…
NEURULATION
Germ layers
Mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm
Axial mesoderm
Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Notochord
Ectoderm
Neural ectoderm (default)
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Neural plate
induced above notochord
Secretes antagonist of BMP4
Noggin
Forms NEURAL TUBE
Anterior forms the brain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Becomes bigger due to high pressure increasing cell division
Posterior forms the spinal cord
influenced by lateral plate mesoderm factor
anti-neural BMP4
Epidermis
Endoderm
Essential for neural tissue development
BMP
From NODE
FGF
From hypoblast
Primary
Anterior to hindlimb
Process
Epithelial cells
Columnarization
Rolling/Folding
Closure
Tube disengages
Facilitated by dorso-lateral hinge
Neural crest cells depart
Hinges help form neural groove
Cells of the CNS
Glia
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann
Neurons
Axons
Dendrites
Secondary
Posterior to hindlimb
Process
Free Neural cells gather
Form medullary cord
Cavitation - fusing of cavities
Neural defects
Failure of neurulation closure process
Anencephaly
Spina Bifida
Anterior-posterior patterning
Hox genes
Cell division in CNS
Layers:
Ventricular zone
Neuroblasts divide from here
Intermediate zone
Grey matter
Cell bodies
Marginal zone
Axons
Myelin
White matter
Both tubes fuse