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Producing data (Samples and Surveys (Non-sampling Error (Wording bias:…

- - - - Convience sample
        
        Consists of data found in easy to access locations, giving a smaller sample space than if more accurately tested.
        
        If one was trying to give a poll to see who people were voting for in their area, going to a one party rally may be an example of connivence sample because the average person in this example would not reflect the average person.
      - Voluntary Response Sampling
        
        When only people who knowing volunteered, creating a bias.
        
        If a tv station was trying to decide whether to air a new season of a tv show, and they need to know if the general public would watch it, it would be a problem for the station if the show's die hard fans all took a survey to re-air the show
      - Undercoverage: An area not entirely covered, not getting a full sample space.
        
        Hard to reach places, or just plain laziness can cause a lack of data, causing one to have unevenly distributed data, and a lack of response.
  - - - It is extremely important to work a survey in a way that would not appear to share any kind of opinion that may have an effect on ones answers.
    - - If a survey contains questions personal questions, of a very personal nature such as drug use or possibly other illegal activity, many will likely not answer questions accurately.
    - - In an area that is not necessarily easy to reach, or a place with limited access to the internet, it may be a struggle to get accurate data, due to the lack of response.
  - - - A SRS is a random sample chosen from a larger population that is intended to find an even distribution of results.
        
        The advantage to SRS is having a completely random sample, which drastically saves on survey costs for similar results. The disadvantage to this method is the lack of a 100% accurate representation of data.
    - - A Stratified SRS divides the population into multiple sections, and picks random samples from each smaller group. This helps to prevent uneven distribution of data.
        
        The advantage of Stratified SRS is having an even distribution of data, but the downside is that it is not a completely random sample.
    - - Cluster Sampling is when an area that reflects the general population of the sample space is selected for surveying.
        
        Cluster sampling is a good tool for testing areas with similar distribution of data such as behavioral data. This does not work very well for data types based on income by area, because smaller samples such as this are not necessarily an accurate representation of the big picture.
  - - - If someone were to stand outside of a hotel to monitor how many people walk in and out to gather data about how many people were staying there, it would be an example of an observational study because no cooperation is needed and the information is readily available.
  - - - An experiment takes place in an entirely controlled setting, allowing for there to be no biases or errors in recorded data. Aside from this method not being 'organic', it is the most accurate way to test data.
  - - - If for a science project someone were to grow plants, testing their ability to grow using different substances as nutrients, there is a possibility that some plants may die regardless of the substance given.
  - - - When one withholds information for the sake of preventing bias, commonly used alongside a placebo.
        
        Double blind: When neither the subject nor the tester has access to information about who gets the placebo, to give the tester more free reign to communicate how they want with the subject.
  - - - Each student will be assigned a number, and 100 will be randomly picked. From there, they will be asked what device they use