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RESPIRATION SYSTEM (Types of breathing & Lungs ventilation (Apnea-…
RESPIRATION SYSTEM
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Respiration
the movement of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.
Cellular respiration
the process of oxidizing food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide and water. C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O → 12H2O + 6 CO2.
Why?
- to acquire oxygen needed to breakdown food molecule into energy and eliminate carbon dioxide
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Rate of Diffusion by Fick's Law
R increases when :
- A increases
- Difference in concentration on either side of surface increases
- D decreases
Gaseous exchange in different animals
- Smaller animals have large surface area over volume and achieves sufficient rate of respiratory gas exchange
- Larger animal have specialised respiratory organ for oxygen transport
Body Surface(Cnidaria)
- thin cell/tissue layer
- Circulate water across outer surface
Limitation
- unable to be large in size
- unable to be involved in energy consuming activities
Cutaneous skin(Annelida)
- Thin skin
- Increased surface area
- Cilia used to moved water
Limitation
- Unable to get too large
- Unable to do expensive energy consuming activities
supplimentary respiratory system in larger animal such as amphibians
Tracheal tube system(Arthropod)
- tracheal tubes open to outside at spiracles along body surface
- Air passes tube and is eliminated in fluid-filled tracheoles
- Gases exchange is between fluid tracheoles and body cells
- Supports high metabolic activities
Book Lung( Arachnid)
Air move in cavities between lamellae and gaseous exchange occurs with haemolypmh
Internal gills( Oisteichthyes )
- moist, thin
- made up of gill filament containing rich capillary network
- increase surface area of gills with feather-like arrangement
- constantly pump water across gills with buccal and opercular cavities
- counter current system- water flows opposite of blood flow to maximise gradient for diffusion of O2 and CO2
Limitation
- gills do not work on land
- gills filaments collapse in less buoyant air
- Must be moist and has large surface area exposed to dry air
External gills (larval fish & amphibian )
- thin gills
- feather-like gill arrangement to increase surface area and skin as additional respiratory surface
Limitation
- must be in constant motion & water current
- delicate unprotected tissue
- small body size
Labyrinth organ(Labyrinth fish)
- fish adapted in low oxygenated water
- trap air in labyrinth organ where diffusion takes place