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DISCOURSE AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (DEFINITION (discourse - written and…
DISCOURSE AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
DEFINITION
a particulae unit of language or discourse as structure / a particular focus on language use, discourse as function
discourse - written and spoken
objects can be 1. oral texts, 2. mixed written and oral texts , 3. written texts
a set of terms, metaphors, allusions, ways of talking, references etc, which constitute an object / a to and fro of exchanges in talk or text that performs social actions
COHESION
line between text and context can be hard to draw cuz some lexis can be used to signal important info in either domain
ENDOPHORA - Anaphora, Cataphora
Endophora - an element at intratextual level (in the same text) - eg: " I saw bella yesterday. She was..." - She is an endophoric expression as it refers to something alr mentioned in the text
ANAPHORA - an expression whose ref depends on another referential element - eg: "sally preferred the company herself" - herself is anaphoric cuz its coreferential with exp in subject position
CATAPHORA - used to describe an exp that corefers with a later exp in the discourse - eg " when he arrived home, john went to sleep" - pronoun comes before noun (he before john)
EXOPHORA
a text refer to something the reader isnt told about
example " she likes chicken " - we dont know who "she" is
CONVERSATION ANALYSIS
CONVERSATION
Purpose - exhange info / creating and maintaining relationships (primary function) / negotiation of status and social roles / deciding on and carrying out joint actions (cooperations)
RULES AND STRUCTURE
Openings - conventional routines - examples inc greetings, intro, opening questions
Closings - to close a conv - usually using "well" , "so", "okay" - with falling intonations
Turn-taking mechanisms - signal the partner with low voice, slow down, question, body movement
Adjacency pairs - utterance which require immediate response - greeting-greeting / offer-accept / compliment-thank / question-answer
Back-channeling - signal that shows speaker that the message is understood and listened to - eg "uhuh" "yeah" "right"
MAXIMS OF COMMUNICATIONS
Maxim of relevance - in conv , each person contribution has to be relevant to the topic
Maxim of quality - contribution in conv should be truthful (xcept jokes and deliberate lies)
Maxim of quantity - talking time should be fairly divided bw interlocutors
Maxim of manner - messages conveyed should not be obscure or ambiguous
NON OBSERVANCE OF MAXIMS
Violating a maxim - speaker wants to mislead listener intentionally
Infringing a maxim - not obs the maxim becz of lack of linguistic knowledge
Flouting a maxim - speaker fails to obs maxim - conversational implicature
Suspending a maxim - in certain situations we dont need to obs maxim - eg poetry
Opting out of a maxim - speaker unwilling to abide by maxims