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Cingulate Gyrus coordinates sensory input with emotions, controls…

- - - - Sensory
        The somatosensory cortex, located within this lobe also plays a role in sensory processing within the body. #
- - - - Putamen
        In order to control movement, the putamen must interact with the other structures that make up the basal ganglia. These include the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus. These two structures, along with the putamen, interact through a series of direct and indirect inhibitory pathways. The direct pathway consists of two inhibitory pathways from the putamen to the substantia nigra and the internal region of the globus pallidus. This pathway uses the neurotransmitters dopamine, GABA and substance P. The indirect pathway consists of three inhibitory pathways that go from the putamen and caudate nucleus to the external region of the globus pallidus. This pathway uses dopamine, GABA and enkephalin. When there is interplay between the direct and indirect pathways, involuntary movements occur.
        Dopamine
        One of the main neurotransmitters that is regulated by the putamen is dopamine. When a cell body of a neuron (in the putamen or caudate nuclei) fires an action potential, dopamine is released from the presynaptic terminal. Since projections from the putamen and caudate nuclei modulate the dendrites of the substantia nigra, the dopamine influences the substantia nigra, which affects motor planning. This same mechanism is involved in drug addiction. In order to control the amount of dopamine in the synaptic cleft, and the amount of dopamine binding to post synaptic terminals, presynaptic dopaminergic neurons function to reuptake the excess dopamine.
        Other Neurotransmitters
        The putamen also plays a role in modulation of other neurotransmitters. It releases GABA, enkephalin, substance P, and acetylcholine. It receives serotonin and glutamate. The majority of these neurotransmitters play a role in motor control.[3][vague] # #
        
        Caudate
        The caudate nucleus is one of the structures that make up the dorsal striatum, which is a component of the basal ganglia.[1] While the caudate nucleus has long been associated with motor processes due to its role in Parkinson's disease,[2][clarification needed] it plays important roles in various other nonmotor functions as well, including procedural learning,[3] associative learning[citation needed] and inhibitory control of action, [4] among other functions. The caudate is also one of the brain structures which compose the reward system and functions as part of the cortico–basal ganglia–thalamic loop.
        The caudate is highly innervated by dopamine neurons that originate from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The SNc is located in the midbrain and contains cell projections to the caudate and putamen, utilizing the neurotransmitter dopamine.[7] There are also additional inputs from various association cortices.
        Spatial Mnemonic Processing
        Directed Movements
        Cognitive Functions
        Goal-Directed Action
        Memory
        Learning
        Sleep
        Emotion
        Language
        Threshold control
        
        Amygdala #
        Basic Emotions
        The Amygdala is an almond shaped mass of cells located deep within the temporal lobe, near the hypothalamus and the hippocampus
        The Amygdala has many roles within the body, including arousal, responses associated with fear, emotional responses, hormonal secretions, and memory. #
      - Substantia Nigra
        Made up of the Pars and is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement
        Most of the dopamine neurons of the brain originate in the midbrain and are found in either the substantia nigra or the ventral tegmental area, which is located adjacent to the substantia nigra.
        Being one of the major dopamine-producing areas of the brain, however, the substantia nigra has functions that extend beyond just motor control. It is also thought to play important roles in a number of other functions and behaviors, including learning, drug addiction, and emotion.
        
        Pars Reticulata
        The pars reticulata, though, serves mainly as an output, conveying signals from the basal ganglia to numerous other brain structures
        
        Pars Compacta
        Serves mainly as an input to the basal ganglia circuit, supplying the striatum with dopamine
  - - - Reticular Formation
        The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei that are located throughout the brainstem. The reticular formation is not anatomically well defined because it includes neurons located in diverse parts of the brain. The neurons of the reticular formation all play a crucial role in maintaining behavioral arousal and consciousness. The functions of the reticular formation are modulatory and premotor. The modulatory functions are primarily found in the rostral sector of the reticular formation and the premotor functions are localized in the neurons in more caudal regions.
        The reticular formation is divided into three columns: raphe nuclei (median), gigantocellular reticular nuclei (medial zone), and parvocellular reticular nuclei (lateral zone). The raphe nuclei are the place of synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which plays an important role in mood regulation. The gigantocellular nuclei are involved in motor coordination. The parvocellular nuclei regulate exhalation.[1]
        It is essential for governing some of the basic functions of higher organisms and is one of the phylogenetically oldest portions of the brain.