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Global development - Theories (Dependency Theory (Marxism) (Developed…
Global development - Theories
Modernisation Theory
(Functionalism)
To develop countries must become "more modern" by becoming like the west and
adopting western values
.
They believe that development means
capitalist development
.
Obstacles to development are
internal factors
, such as: war, natural disasters, government corruption, increasing population, traditional views, child labour etc.
Rostow
suggested that developing countries could achieve development through
capitalist, economic growth.
He wrote 'a non-communist manifesto' in which he described communism as a disease.
Rostow
suggested that development should be seen as an evolutionary process in whch countries progress up a developkment ladder of
5 stages:
Stage 1- The Tradtional Society
Stage 2- Pre-conditions for Take Off
Stage 3- Take Off
Stage 4- The drive to Maturity
Stage 5- High Mass Consumtion
Parsons
claims that Rostow places too much focus on economic obstacles and ignores cultural factors. He believed that
cultural factors are more important
and that lack of development is caused by internal factors such as
traditional values
e.g. religion needs to turn into secularisation, the patriarchy needs to turn into equality, collectivism needs to turn into, ascribed status turns into achieved status etc.
Further cultural changes needed:
Technology
Agriculture and industry
Geographical
Political
Weaknesses:
Ethnocentric
- ignores the
crisis of modernism
Marxists
disagree
Ignores external factors
Issues with aid (tied aid, loans, corrupt government)
Lots of money spent but poverty still exists; e.g. an average African household consumes
20% less than 30 years ago
Cross:
not all societies develop through fixed stages
Strengths:
Recognises issues and aims to provide a solution
Influential (still influences development policies)
-
Black:
helped raise awareness of poverty and created a moral, compassionate force of people willing to help
Communism proved to be less successful in achieving development (e.g. Mao in China)
Rostow
recognised it would take time (e.g. Asian tiger countries)
Hoselitz:
also claimed that there are essential social and cultural components that need to be considered:
Education:
creates a better workforce through role allocation, skills provision and socialisation, spreads western values etc.
Mass Media:
gives social control over public, advertising, increases consumerism etc.
Urbanisation:
family changes from unit of production to unit of consumption, increase in jobs and education,
Cross
-
the city is the nucleus for cultural penetration
World Systems Theory
(Marxism)
WST
developed from dependency theory
and shares a lot of the same views on developing countries and their dependency on the west.
Wallerstein
argues that eventually a
communist world economy would arise
and this is the solution to the global 'modern world system'.
This is another difference between dependency theory and WST, as WST
offers a solution
.
However, WST emerged to adress the
problems
of dependency theory.
Wallestein
is the key WST sociologist and he has claimed dependency theory needs to be updated in several ways.
While dependency theory focuses on the experience of individuals WST focuses on the
modern world system
, which is the idea that the world is a single, unified, capitalist system.
Therefore, developing countries are not
exploited
by individual countries but by the
capitalist MWS
, this is why developing countries don't develop.
Dependancy theory identified the 'core' which included developed countries and the 'periphery' which included the developing countries. However, WST argues this is too simple, and there is also a
'semi-periphery'
, which is countries that have some wealth and some poverty. Meaning some countries are more exploited than others.
Dependancy theory is static as the core and the periphery stay the same. However, WST is more dynamic and recognises that
countries are social mobile
and can move in the
'modern world system'
.
Neoliberal Theory
Neoliberal theory stems from the
New Right
theory.
They believe that obstacles to development are
internal
.
They believe that the Capitalist free market works freely without restrictions then capitalism will generate wealth.
Bauer
argues that countries should follow
'trade not aid'
in order to develop.
He claimed that if we increase trade by
5%
across the world it would generate an extra
$350 billion worldwide
.
Kleptocracy
= corrupt government. This is one issue that Bauer found with aid.
Evaluation:
Modernisation theory would criticise-prefer aid not trade.
It ignores benefit of aid
Ignores impact of
external factors
After 30 years of Neoliberal policies development has been slow
Dependency Theory
(Marxism)
Capitalism
is actually the best way for developing countries to
achieve economic growth and to develop
. Wealth created through this would then later be distributed under
socialism
.
Frank:
argued that obstacles to development are
external
as the developing world s forced to depend on the developed world.
This is supported by
Galeano
who claimed
'They train you to be paralysed to they can sell you the crutches'
. This is linked to the Marxist idea of
false consciousness
Developed world:
Metroplis/Core nations
Developing world:
Satellite/Peripheral countries
Origins of dependency:
Slavery
Colonialism:
The take over and exploitation of countries, usually through military force.
-Harrison**- British imperial expansion was the greatest transformation the human world has ever seen
Frank
argued that we can still see forms of exploitation today, he referred to these as
Neo-Colonialism:
World trade:
Developed world create unfair trading relationships which only benefit the west.
Hayter
- Raw materials=false riches, as countries need to produce more and more to receive the same amount of payment.
TNC's:
Use developing countries to exploit workers as they have little choice or say in what happens (e.g. low pay, terrible conditions, long hours) -
Baken
- TNC's are institutional psychopaths- they exploit and dehumanise people for profit
Aid:
Creates debt, creating more dependency. -
Hayter
- Aid s a form of neo-colonialism as about
75% of British aid is tied
(have to spend it on UK produce)
Timmons-Roberts & Hite
claimed that the solution was for developing countries to break away from dependency.
One way to do this is
isolation
, e.g. North Korea
However,
Frank
was pessimistic about his as he believed that the world capitalist system would reassert its force, e.g. Cuba tried to break away in 1960's and until 2015 they were denied access to free world trade and received threats of military force
Therefore, dependency theory
offers no solution
Strengths:
Despite economic growth through aid the Asian tiger countries are in debt and have shown economic instability (e.g. in Japan only top 10% benefited from the rapid economic growth)
Has helped developing countries break away from explotation
Looks at why and how some countries are exploited, e.g.
Gereffi
focused on the role of corrupt elites
Weaknesses:
Western aid and TNC's brng benefits to help development, e.g. Asian tiger countries
Goldthorpe
argued that colonialism was not a bad thing as it created basic infrastructure, provided people with wage labour and made efficient use of land.
Offers
no solution
The Theory Impasse
Impasse
-
A situation in which no progress is possible
Causes for the Theory Impasse:
WST
- Communism is an unrealistic solution
DT
- Provides no solution
MT
- Over 70 years of giving aid & poverty has gotten worse. Ethnocentric. Can't explain failure of development
NLT
- Trade is a lot more fair now. More development occurred before NLT policies.
All
- outdated - the world has changed. Environmentalism - assume that development meant industrialisation
Since the theory impasse, new approaches began to affect development practice:
Postmodernism
People Centred Development & Environmentalism
People-centred development & Environmentalism:
Usually run by NGO's
Small scale and involve the local people & communities
Development should be based on sustainability, local participation, improving justice & meeting peoples basic needs
Postmodernism:
Escobar
criticises the idea of development being based on the Western, ethnocentric idea of 'west is best'.
Other theories fail to realise that they are dealing with real people and denies them the oppertunity to make their own choices.