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Cognitive development (PIAGET (4 stages in ability to reason …

- - - - reflex activity (birth-1mth) : exercise and refinement of inborn reflexes eg sucking refined to shape of different objects
        
        primary circular reactions (1-4mths): repetition of interesting acts centered on the child's own body eg leg kick, thumb sucking
        
        secondary circular reactions (4-8mths): repetition of interesting acts on objects eg shaking rattle
        
        coordination of secondary schemes (8-12 mths): combining actions to solve simple problems (first evidence of intentionality)
        
        tertiary circular reactions (12-18mths): finding new ways to solve problems or produce interesting outcomes
        
        beginning of thought (18-24mths): solving problems mentally, using symbols to stand for objects and actions. first evidence of insight
    - - reversibility of though; can mentally reverse or undo and action
      - decentration; can focus on 2 or more dimensions of a problem at once
      - deductive reasoning; draw cause effect relationships logically, based on factual information presented to them
      - transformational thought; can understand the process of change from one stage to another
      - logical reasoning; children acquire a set of internal operations that can be applied to a variety of problems
      - less egocentric; understand that other people may have thoughts different from their own
      - multiple classification ; can classify objects by multiple dimensions and grasp class inclusion
    - - perceptual salience (the most dominant characteristic of an object overrides other characteristics, understanding is driven by how things look rather than derived by logical reasoning)
      - irreversible thought (can't mentally undo an action)
      - centration (centre on a single aspect of a problem rather than 2 or more dimensions at once)
      - transductive reasoning (children combine unrelated facts, often leading them to draw faulty cause-effect conclusions simply because 2 events occur close together in time or place)
      - egocentric thinkers (children have difficulty seeing things from other perspectives and assume that what is in their mind is also what others are thinking)
      - simple classification (children classify objects by single dimensions at one time)
        eg flowers or carnations
    - - adolescent egocentrism : difficulty differentiating their own thoughts from others'. Personal fable= a type of egocentrism, the way that you think/ feel is special - can be difficult to move adolescents out of this
      - decontextualised thinking: ability to separate prior knowledge/ beliefs from new evidence to the contrary
        
        limitation of Piaget: people can be quite stubborn and hold on to prior beliefs even though they are presented with evidence to the contrary .
      - logical thinking about ideas
        hypothetical and abstract thinking rather than just basing knowledge on what we see and what we know.
        
        video: a world without thumbs
        younger child restricted to the world she knows whereas older boy realised that the whole world would built differently