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Sociology Paper 1: Education (Types of schools (Special (SEN, Social…
Sociology Paper 1: Education
Informal education
Takes place when people develop knowledge and skills by observing what is happening around them in everyday life
Types of schools
Special
SEN
Social difficulties
Special curriculum
Teachers are trained specifically
Specialist facilities
Specialist equipment
Faith
Very good discipline
Parents agree with the ethos of the school
Good grades
Free schools
Autonomy
Grammer
Traditional Curriculum
Very good discipline
Similar ethos
Very good grades
Academically gifted
Academies
autonomy
In charge of what the school spends out on
Can choose their curriculum
Local area
Independent
Smaller Class Sizes
Good Facilities
Old Boys Network
Tradition of families
Very Good Grades
Paid
Comprehensive
Local area
Lots of facilities
Range of subjects
Technology
Prepared for later life
If students aren't academic they may do better
Vocational job
Key educational policies
1988 Education reform act - This act was aimed to create competition between schools, The marketisation of education gave parents the choice over where their child went and schools were encouraged to compete for students also the act introduced league tables, SATs, Ofsted and the national curriculum
1997 Educational reforms - Labour came into power post 97 and introduced lots of reforms, The EMA was introduced to provide up to £30 a week for 16-19 year old's in education that came from working class families, so they could buy books and pay for transport to and from school; it was discontinued by the conservatives; The government also set up sure start centres that were aimed at preschoolers from working class families to help with education and socialisation; Academies were introduced and failing schools were turned into them
1965 Comprehensive education - This was put in place as a response to the growing discontent towards the tripartite system with its limited options to many students so the idea was that all pupils would attend their local school regardless of ability
2010 Educational reforms - The conservatives took over post 2010 and introduced many educational reforms like the 16-19 bursary that gave money to disadvantaged students the same way the EMA did but it was less than the EMA gave out; They also introduced free schools that could be set up by anyone and would have greater autonomy; Schools would now also receive a pupil premium when they took on board a disadvantaged student they would receive extra funding that could be spent on facilities and books; The conservatives also updated the academy system where they gave academy status to outstanding schools and didn't turn failing schools into academies
1944 Butler education act - Free education until the age of 15 and this act introduced the tripartite system meaning that when a student finished primary school they would take an 11+ and depending on the results would either go to grammar school, a secondary technical or a secondary modern
Patterns of educational achievment
Generally students from China and India do better in education than other ethnic minorities
Girls generally do better than boys
Middle class students tend to do better than working class students
Not all student however succumb to these trends
Formal education
The functionalist approach focuses on the positive functions that education performs in society
Facilitating social mobility - Enabling people to better their social class position
Social cohesion - Knitting people together
Selection - Meritocracy, so the most able get the best jobs
Secondary Socialisation - The norms and values of the society
Serving the needs of the economy - training the workforce of the future
Social Control - Respect of authority
This takes place in educational institutions such as schools and universities where people gain knowledge and skills across a wide range of subjects
The Marxist approach is critical of the education system suggesting that the education system benefits the privileged and reinforces social inequality
Class system - Favours people from more advantaged backgrounds
Breeding competition - The capitalist System is based on competition
Serving the interests of the ruling class - Passing on ideas and beliefs which benefit the ruling class
Secondary socialisation - Socialises working class children to accept their lower position in capitalist society
Inflences on education
Home factors
Middle class parents are more likely to value education than working class parents
The values that they have been taught at home may influence how they react or are taught in school
Students from well off backgrounds are more likely going to have access to facilities and help to further their education but students from a poorer background may succumb to material deprivation and not be able to afford basic things like food or school books
Parents with a higher education level are more likely to help with homework and school work
Parents in professional occupations often monitor their children more and expect them to do well in school
School factors
Labelling of students either positive (The halo effect) or negative (The negative self fulfilling prophecy)
Setting can negatively influence or positively influence students and teachers depending on what set they are in
The school curriculum may be biased towards white European cultures so excludes some students
Pupils can form subcultures that go against the schools ethos and get peer pressured into not working hard
Institutional racism can lead to students feeling that they have been excluded from the system because the school system has been set up to only accommodate a certain set of students
Government Factors
Some schools are allowed to select their intake so may only pick from well off students
Equal opportunities legislation has helped improve the way students from all backgrounds are treated
Marketisation of schools makes them compete against each other and can make schools only focus on students who will do well