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Resp anatomy part 1 (Trachea + Bronchi (Bifurcation Level of sternal…
Resp anatomy part 1
Trachea
+
Bronchi
Begins at C6: at level of cricoid cartilage
Bifurcation
Level of sternal angle: behind arch of aorta
T4: Supine position
T5/6: erect position
Carina (sharp)) at bifurcation
Layers
Trachealis
(smooth muscle)
Mucosa
: pseduostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Submucosa
: connective tissue seromucous glands
C shaped tracheal, hyaline cartilage (16-20)
Adventitia
Trachea
Main bronchi
Secondary bronchi (lobar)
Tertiary bronchi (segmental)
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
(last of conduction)
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
1 more item...
Right main bronchus more vertical + wider than left
Tertiary bronchi: discontinuous rings cartilage
Bronchopulmonary segments: own tertiary bronchus + own branch pulmonary artery + vein
Smallest, functionally independent region of lung. Smallest area of lung isolated and removed without affecting adjacent regions
Left
: 8-9 bronchpulmonary segs
Right
: 10 ''
Bronchi divide dichotomously: form bronchioles
Blood supply
Anterior and posterior Ethmoidal:
Ophthalmic artery
Sphenopalatine (main):
Terminal Branch Maxiallry artery
Greater palatine:
Maxillary artery
Lateral nasal branches:
Facial artery
Venous drainage
Facial vein and Pterygoid plexus
Little's area
Kiesselbach's plexus: Site of anastomosis of rich vascular supply: nasal septum
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
(choane - soft palate)
Eustachian tube
: equalizes pressure middle ear
Oropharynx
: (uvula epiglottis)
Laryngopharynx
: C3-C6 (epiglottis - oesphagus)
Muscles
Palatopharyngeal band sphincter
Superior constrictor
Middle constrictor
Inferior constrictor
Pharyngeal raphe (attached to pharyngeal tubercle skull)
Cricopharyngeal muslce (sphincter)
Oesphagus
Blood supply and innervation
External carotid artery
Jugular vein
(superior part pharynx will drain pterygoid plexus first)
Pharyngeal nerve - Branch Vagus nerve (CN 10)
Innervates longitudinal Muscles pharynx - Elevate pharynx during swallowing
Larynx
Function
Valve prevent food entering lower resp tract when swallowing
Production sound
Suspended hyoid bone:
Anatomy
Unpaired
Epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartiilage
Superior horn
Lamina
Inferior horn: (articulates cricoid cartilage)
Paired
Cuniform
Corniculate
Arytenoid
Posterior
Corniculate
Artenoid
Lamina
Vocal ligament:
Arytenoid -thyroid cartilage
Cricothyroid ligament
Arch
Fosaa for lesser horn of thyroid cartiage
Blood supply and innervation
Blood supply
Common carotid - External carotid - Superior thyroid - Superior laryngeal
Subclavian - Thyrocervical trunk subclavian - Inferior thyroid - Inferior laryngeal
Innervation
Vagus nerve
Sensory
: (hooks around aorta on left +subclavian on right)
Above vocal folds:
Superior laryngeal
Below vocal folds:
Recurrent laryngeal
Motor:
Recurrent laryngeal: To all muscles of larynx EXCEPT cricothyroid (superior laryngeal)
Anatomy of upper resp system
External nose
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx (cont with oes)
Oesophagus
Larynx (cont with trac)
Trachea
Nose
Adjust temp
Humidify
Trap pathogens + particles
Olfaction
External Framwork
Cartilage
Upper/Lower lateral cartilage
Major alar
Minor alar
Septum
Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) - bone
Vomer - Bone
Septal cartilage - cartilage
Bones
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Frontal process Maxilla
Anterior view
Crista Galli (ethmoid)
Cribiform plate (ethmoid)
Perpendicular plate (ehtmoid)
Vomer
Lateral wall with superior, middle and inferior conchae
Hard palate
Nasal cavity
Nasal cavity
Anterior:
Boundaries
Anterior: nares (nostrils)
Posterior: Chonae
Roof: Frontal/Ethmoid/Sphenoid
Floor: Soft palate
Regions
Resp region (most middle bit)
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium + mucous cells
Olfactory epithelium (top bit small)
Olfactory receptors
Nasal vestibules (tip)
Skin + hair follicles catch particles
Lateral walls nasal cavity
Curved shelves of bone:
Conchae
- divide each nasal cavity into four air channels:
Meatuses
Superior and middle conchae come off ehtmoid bone
Inferior conchae INDEPENDENT bone
increase SA of contact for inspired air
Innervation
Olfaction: Olfactory nerve (CN 1)
General sensation: branches Trigeminal nerve (CN 5)
Ophthalmic nerve (upper 1/3 nasal cavity)
Maxillary nerve (lower 2/3 nasal cavity)
Mucous glands parasymp innervation
Olfactory Pathway :red_cross:
Olfactory receptors
: specialized ciliated nerve cells
Axons from receptors assemble: form
fascicles
Fascicles through
foramina
in cribiform plate + attach
olfactory bulb
Axons
Mitral neurons
in olfactory bulb form
olfactory tracts
: leave bulb and travel posteriorly across base frontal lobe
Before reaching olfactory chiasm tracts go laterally:
form lateral olfactory stria
: to temporal lobe
Pathway ends
primary olfactory cortex
-
UNCUS
+ has connections to amygdulla + hippocampus
Paranasal sinuses
Lined Resp epithelium
(ciliated and mucous producing)
Functions
: lighten skull/ 'crumple zone' / Vocal Resonance
Drainage
Drained:
Ciliary
Siphon
Frontal air sinus -
(via infundibulum) anterior part hiatus semilunaris
Sphenoid air sinus - Sphenoethmoidal recess
Posterior Ethmoidal cells -
Superior meatus
Middle Ethmoidal cells -
Bulla ethmoidalis
Anterior Ethmoidal cells -
Anterior part hiatus semilunaris (middle meatus)
Maxillary air sinus -
Hiatus semilunaris
Naso-lacrimal duct -
Inferior meatus
Lungs
Indentations
Right
Superior vena cava
Azygos vein
Oesophagus
Left
Heart impression
Aortic arch
Descending aorta
Hilum
Right
Pulmonary arteries
Right main bronchus
Bronchial arteries
Pulmonary veins
Left
Pulmonary arteries
Bronchial arteries
Left main bronchus
Pulmonary veins
Pulmn arteries superior
Pulmn veins inferior
Bronchi posterior
Right
: Lobar bronchus to superior lobe branches from main brinchus into root
Left:
branches within lung itself
Anatomy of lower resp system
Anatomy of thorax
Embryology and lung growth
Mastication etc
Alveolus cells
Lung segments