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Connective Tissue (CT) (Cell types in CT (Adipocytes (fat cells) (Store…

- - - - Suplhated GAGs (covalently) bind to core proteins to form proteoglycans
      - Hyaluronic acid (non-sulphated) does not covalently bind to a core protein but aggregates with other proteoglycans
      - Collectively, the glycosaminoglycans trap water to make ground substance more jelly-like
  - - - Collagen in fine bundles with coating of glycoprotein; made by fibroblasts
        
        Thinner than collagen fibres
      - Provide strength and support; form part of basement membrane
    - - Thinnest fiber; consist of protein elastin surrounded by glycoprotein fibrillin to give more strength and stability
        
        Marfan syndrome
        
        Mutation in gene on chromosome which codes for fibrillin
        
        Fibrillin contributes to a structural scaffold for elastin
        
        Individuals usually tall, long limbed, chest deformity, weakned heart valves and arterial walls (life threatening)
        
        1 in 20000 live births
      - Fibrous network; found in skin, blood vessels and lung
    - - Very strong but flexible to resist pulling forces
      - Features vary in different tissues
      - Thick, collagen
- - - - Found alongside blood vessels
- - - - Fine interlacing network of reticular fibres and cells
      - Forms stroma of organs; binds smooth muscle cells
    - - Adipocytes dominant; found with areolar CT
      - Brown adipose - infant energy reserve for thermoregulation; white adipose - insulates, energy store, support and protects organs
      - Insulation, energy source, temp. control
    - - Contains all 3 types of protein fibres; widely distributed around almost every structure (like packing material)
      - Strength, elasticity, support
  - - - Regularly arranged collagen e.g. tendons (pulling along fibre axis); shiny white colour
        
        Collagen fibers not living - so injured tendons (and ligaments?) heal slowly
      - Attachment
        
        Ligaments - bone to bone
        
        Tendons - muscle to bone
        
        Aponeuroses - muscle to muscle
    - - Irregularly arranged collagen fibres forming interwoven meshwork in non-consistent pattern; few fibroblasts present
      - Provide tensile strength in many directions; forms superficial layer covering bones, cartilage and peripheral nerves
    - - Elastic fibers with fibroblasts between them
      - Allows stretching of various organs; can recoil to original shape
      - Important to normal functioning of lung tissue (recoils in exhaling) and elastic arteries (recoil between heartbeats)
- - - - Abundant; relatively weak, resilient gel in which fibres are present but not obvious
      - Flexibility and movement; e.g. anterior end of ribs, ends of long bones
    - - Chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibres within ECM; strongest cartilage
      - Supports and joins structures together; intervertebral discs, menisci (cartilage pads) of knee
    - - Chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibres within ECM
      - Provide strength and elasticity, maintain shape of certain structures; e.g. lid on top of larynx (epiglottis)
  - - - Osteoblasts - bone-forming cells
      - Osteocytes - mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts trapped in ECM; maintain bone tissue, involved in exchange of nutrients and wastes; have gap junctions
      - Osteogenic cells - mesenchymal stem cells that develop, become trapped and become osteoblasts
      - Osteoclasts - large, multinucleated cells formed from fusion of blood monocytes; break down bone
    - - Outer layer of bone
      - Contains osteons
        
        Osteons = basic unit of compact bone; aligned along lines of stress (e.g. long axis of bone shaft)
        
        Lacunae - small spaces between lamellae that contain osteocytes
        
        Canaliculi - minute canals that radiate from lacunae and provide routes for oxygen, nutrients and waste
        
        Lamellae - concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness and collagen for tensile strength
        
        Central canal - contains blood vessels and nerves
      - Forms shaft of long bones; stores calcium and phosphorous; protection and support
    - - Lacks osteons
      - Stores triglycerides (yellow marrow) and produces red blood cells and platelets (red marrow)
      - Porous inner bone tissue that lies underneath compact bone (bone marrow)
- - - - Granular
        
        Eosinophils - effective against certain parasitic worms and in acute allergic response
        
        Basophils - release substances (e.g. histamine) that intensify inflammatory reaction
        
        Neutrophils - phagocytic, engulf bacteria
      - Agranular
        
        Monocytes (macrophages) - phaocytic, engulf bacteria
        
        Lymphocytes - involved in immune response
        
        Plasma cells (derived from B-lymphocytes) secrete antibodies