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Lipids as signals, cofactors, and pigments (Vitamins A and D are hormone…
Lipids as signals, cofactors, and pigments
Eicosanoids
Carry Messages to nearby cells
all are derived from arachidonic acid
3 Classes
Leukotrienes
Contain 3 conjugated double bonds
Overproduction of leukotrienes causes asthma attacks
Found in white blood cells (leukocytes)
Cause smooth muscle constriction in lungs
Thromboxanes
six-membered ring containing an ether
Produced by thrombocytes (platelets)
Act in formation of blood clots and the reduction of blood flow to site of clot
the NSAIDS inhibit the COX enzyme, which catalyzes an early step in the pathway from arachidonate to prostaglandins and thromboxanes
Prostaglandins
5-carbon ring originating from the chain of arachidonic acid
Array of functions
elevate body temperature, cause inflammation and pain
Inhibit platelet
aggregation
Control blood pressure
Stimulate smooth
muscle contraction
Steroids
Carry messages between tissues
Oxidized derivatives of sterols
Move through bloodstream on protein carriers
Vitamins A and D are hormone precursors
Vitamin D
Converted to a form of D3 that is a hormone that regulates calcium uptake in the intestine and calcium levels in kidney and bone
Vitamin A (retinol)
In its various forms, functions as a hormone and as the visual pigment of the vertebrate eye
Beta-carotene can be enzymatically converted to vitamin A
Vitamins E and K are oxidation-reduction cofactors
Vitamin E
Aromatic ring reacts with and destroys most reactive forms of oxygen radicals and other free radicals
Vitamin K
aromatic ring undergoes cycle of oxidation and reduction during the formation of active prothrombin, a blood plasma protein essential in blood clotting
Vitamin K deficiency slows blood clotting
puts extra carboxylate on Glu to help bind Ca2+